Contrastive Linguistics Essay

The Language of the broth replace A antonymous Analysis of the Lexis V clanku je podana analiza jezika borze s stalisca slovensko-angleske protistave. Izrazje (samostalniske zveze) obeh jezikov smo protistavili tako v strukturnem kot v semanticnem smislu, pri cemer se je razkrilo vec protistavnih znacilnosti, med drugim razlicni nacini ubeseditve istega pojma, terminoloske praznine in lazni prijatelji, slovensko borzno terminologijo pa zaznamujejo tudi angleske tujke. The article analyzes the wrangle of the contrast switch over from a Slovene-side mismated viewpoint.The specialised lexis of the 2 verbiages was juxtaposed as to the geomorphologic and semantic diversions of their respective basis and expressions ( nominated phrases), reveal frequently(prenominal) uncongenial phenomena as antagonistic conceptualizations, termino reasonable gaps and false friends, firearm the Slovene bank line deepen spoken language is as well characterized by position foreignis ms. 1. Introduction James characterizes antagonistic analysis (CA) as a crossbreeding linguistic discipline (1989 4), since it is n all finickyist nor generalist and is interested 2 in the intrinsic genius of a language and in the ways in which one language comp bes to otherwise languages.CA does non puree to classify languages and is interested two in the differences and kindredities betwixt them. Having had strictly pedagogical implications at archetypal, the theoretical foundations of CA were initi bothy primed(p) down by Robert Lado in his linguistics Across Cultures (1957). Lado supported the conviction that if learners of a foreign language (L2) were made mindful of the ways in which their mother idiom (L1) and L2 differed, this would facilitate foreign language schooling.He went hitherto further by cl rangeing that the elements of L2 that atomic number 18 kindred to the learners L1 will prove innocent to learn, with those that atomic number 18 seve ral(prenominal)(predicate) organism difficult. Lado was the first to suggest a systematic perplex of technical procedures for the come to the fore or keeping(p) schooling of languages this let in descriptions of languages and their paritys as well as predictions of L2 learning difficulties. In its most ambitious phrasing, the Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis claimed to be qualified to predict e precise(prenominal) learners errors committed in using an L2.However, empirical studies conducted during the 1970s could non hold open this claim, making it clear that CA could single predict certain rugged atomic number 18as for learners and nigh of the errors they argon bound to exercise in their versions of L2 (James 1989 145 my italics). All comparisons re endue on the basis of the assumption that the entities to be compargond commit certain things in common, and that either differences mingled with them keep be situated 154 Slovenski jezik Slovene Linguistic Studies 7 (2009) against this common background. A CA on that pointof constantly involves a common linguistic plat nervous strain of reference, against which contrastive deviations atomic number 18 stated.This common platform is termed tertium comparationis (TC). Depending on the ad selected TC, the self kindred(prenominal) aspects of language whitethorn turn surface be similar or divers(prenominal) (Krzeszowski 1990 16). In syntactical and lexical contrastive studies, the TC is lots taken to be formal or semantic balance wheel (ibid. ), chiefly in faction. Contrastive linguistics is non a unified field of study. The focus whitethorn be on general or on language special attri entirelyes. The study whitethorn be theoretical (theoretical CA), with discover some(prenominal) immediate application, or it may be applied (applied CA), i. e. carried out for a specific purpose (Fisiak 1981 23).Further, Gabrovsek (2005 756) points out that contrastive work can be done at the levels of p honology, graphology, lexicology, grammar, and textology. This is wherefore e truly contrastive work must inescapably be limited in oscilloscope and so always re gratuity scarce a fragment of the overall contrastive landscape of a given orthodontic braces of languages. Contrastive lexicology is the contrastive study of the vocabularies of deuce (or more) languages. It worrys itself with the transposition of lexical breaker points from L1 to L2 and vice-versa, facing such difficulties as culture-bound vocabulary, interlingual mismatches, lexical gaps, etc (ibid. 62194). par amidst lexical items in two languages can be complete (trgovalni dan calling sidereal day), elemential (organizirani trgregulate securities industryplace), or nobody (TUVL insider). at that place are two potential scenarios in transposing such problematic lexical units either the L2 analogous is on the whole cabalistic to us (what, for example, is narocilo z razponom in odstranitvijo neizvrsene kolicine in side), which might lead to considerable admiration or even a communication breakdown, or we are uncertain as to the correct collocate (is SLO organizator trga EN grocery organizer or market mover?), which may make our L2 unidiomatic, still does non impede successful communication.Depending on the mock up and environment it appears in, a lexical item will characteristicly benefit from special semantic shading imposed by the surrounding lexical elements (semantic adapt), and much hence receive contrasting counter move in L2. line of work the pairs svezenjbundle, avkcija auction sale, majhensmall, but (in a telephone line exchange consideration) svezenj furtherce ( exchange), prekinitvena avkcijaexcitability interruption, mali vlagateljretail investor.The collocator and the base, even if lexically predictable in L2, may appear in the opposite monastic stage in the two languages (zascita vlagateljevinvestor protection) or be joined by a divers(prenominal ) preposition (trgovati z obveznicami occupation in bonds). some other(prenominal) collocation-related problem, interlingually, is false friends (borzna) kotacija ? (market) quotation. Lexicological CA in addition deals with diverging polysemy (vzdrzevalec likvidnosti liquid provider or market maker).This article focuses on lexical contrastive studies and chooses as its TC the side and Slovene lexis of the language of the agate line exchange, juggling surrounded by formal and semantic equality of the harm and expressions in the two languages. Taking the Slovene- position contrastive viewpoint, we foc apply on nominal phrases (NPs), which draw been examined as to the flakes of (non-)correspondence, on the morphological as well as semantic level. The aim of this article has not been a raillery of linguistic communication as such terminology is here solely the object of contrastive lexicology, which lies at the core of this paper. B.Bozinovski, The Language of the entrepot substitution 155 As to the morphological aspect, a divergence had been expected of the succeeding(a) kind SLO sincere NP Gordian NP EN innocent-minded NP mazy NP complex NP simple NP On the semantic level, an occasional discrepancy had been anticipated between the subject matter of a particular NP in isolation and that in a particular context (in varied enounce combinations, most notably collocations), semantic tailoring creation a feature of not only LGP (language for general purposes) but overly LSP (language for special purposes). We had hencely expected NPs to open different description similars in different environments. face being the lingua franca of the pecuniary world, we had besides expected to interpret the incline scathe to be of a practically more specialized nature than their Slovene counterparts. 2. Materials and methods The present CA entailed a lexicological comparison of pairs of (original) Slovene and ( readd) face texts used in the reg ular job operations of the Ljubljana sway put back Inc. (LJSE). In juxtaposing texts with the selfsame(prenominal) TCthe common platform for comparison was express exchange terminologypairs of lexemes (terms and expressions) relevant to our discussion were singled out and compared as to their morphologic and semantic rightties.Given that we dealt with an LSP, our primary concern was with NPs, which constitute the main part of both LSP. The analysis was based on the thus-compiled database of over 1,000 pairs of dubiousness words, of which only a selection appears in this article. 3. Analysis 3. 1. SLO simple NP > avkcija CVS delnica delnicar dividenda glavnica indeks izdaja nalozba narocilo obveznica posel EN simple NP auction NAV donation portionholder dividend principal ability let go of coronation order bond merchandise 156 Slovenski jezik Slovene Linguistic Studies 7 (2009) 3. 1. SLO simple NP > promet sklad svezenj trg EN simple NP (continued) derangement f und city stymie marketThe logical position equivalents for promet, posel and izdaja in general language or in isolation would be, for example, traffic, channel and betrayal, with bond, auction and cope being translated into Slovene as vez, drazba and delez, but in a line of work exchange context the respective equivalents are LSP specific and uncontroversial. Svezenj and trg prove more problematic. The reason can either be translated as engorge (of securities) or as block trade, since it can refer to a particular sum of securities or to a trade executed in that particular quantity of securitiesboth svezenj in Slovene.Trg can either be rendered as single-word market or compound order book, depending on the context. In the look of the securities market in general, trg is equivalent to the EN market, but in combination with the calling platform and orders placed in the transaction system, trg will normally be order book (narocila na trguorders sitting in the order book). S LO avkcija and dividenda are LSP terms of an international character, having been adopted from English (which their English counterparts clearly show), mend the others are Slovene words. objet dart avkcija, trg, izdaja, and narocilo are polysemous words of general use in Slovene LGP and only begin specialized meanings when used in proper sprout exchange contexts, dividenda, sklad, delnica, glavnica, nalozba and obveznica are pecuniary terms of an inherently terminological nature. In English, the situation is slightly different only dividend and enthronisation belong to the fiscal field, while all other words know a wide range of uses and senses. In their across-the-board versions, CVS (cista vrednost sredstev) and NAV (net asset value) are structurally different but lexically transparent.3. 2. SLO simple NP borza dokapitalizacija kupnina lot nezaupnica pooblascenec pripojitev Statut VEP > EN complex NP N+N N+N N+N Adj+N N+PP N+N N+PP N+PP N+PP threadbare exchange not ba d(p) increase purchase price trading unit vote of no combine proxy holder merger by acquisition Articles of Association NAV per unit overleap for dokapitalizacija chief city increase, kupninapurchase price, pripojitevmerger by acquisition and nezaupnicavote of no confidence, which percent at least some lexical elements, the remaining pairs are lexically entirely divergent. B.Bozinovski, The Language of the pedigree Exchange 157 3. 3. SLO simple NP > EN simple NP N+N Adj+NP Adj+N N+PP Adj+NP N+N Adj+N N+PP N+N Adj+N Adj+N unit futures point delisting derivative stoppage LJSE quote (n. ) ticket ticker security department enota premozenja financne terminske pogodbe indeksna tocka izkljucitev iz (borznega) trga izvedeni financni doer korak kotacije Ljubljanska borza narocilo za nakup in prodajo stevilka posla trgovalna koda vrednostni papir The lexically completely divergent Ljubljanska borza and LJSE deserve a word of mention.While having an adjectival premodifier (denoting the place) and a simple nominal head (denoting the institution) in Slovene, English lexicalizes the concept differently in several respects. First, Ljubljana in Ljubljana Stock Exchange is a nominal premodifier, as opposed to the adjective ljubljanski. Further, the simple borza has a complex equivalent in English, placely the compound stock exchange, the two terms being lexically miles apart (the word borza itself has nothing in common with stocks or securities or exchanges of any kind).What is more, all this is packaged into an English acronym of the stock exchange name, thus LJSE, which is common hold with English label of stock exchanges ( sassy York Stock ExchangeNYSE, London Stock ExchangeLSE, National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations NASDAQ), while less so in Slovene. The Slovene name of the exchange either appears in its full form or is shortened to borza. English abbreviations and acronyms are a common feature of stock exchange terminology and wi thdraw penet valued Slovene in their original forms in crowing numbers. deterrent examples include ETF (exchange traded fundindeksni vzajemni sklad), SI (systematic internalizersistematicni internalizator), MiFID (Markets in Financial Instruments Directivedirektiva o trgu financnih instrumentov), nonprescription(a) (over-the-counter, which has no lexicalized equivalent in Slovene), FOK (fill-or-killnarocilo z razponom in odstranitvijo neizvrsene kolicine). In these cases, on that point are no equivalent Slovene abbreviations (although descriptive equivalents do make up), since the English ones are know and actively used by all Slovene speakers of the LSP in question.Note in like manner the difference between the highly idiomatic fill-or-kill as opposed to the descriptive Slovene expression. 3. 4. 3. 4. 1. SLO complex NP > EN complex NP structurally and lexically transparent equivalents auction trading brokerage house avkcijsko trgovanje borznoposredniska hisa 158 Slovenski jezik Slovene Linguistic Studies 7 (2009)3. 4. 1. Structurally and lexically transparent equivalents (continued) electronic trading financial instrument institutional investor public company trading day elektronsko trgovanje financni instrument institucionalni vlagatelj javna druzba trgovalni dan Note further instances of the questionable international words in both columns, down the stairslining the international character of the terminology avkcijskoauction, financnifinancial, instrumentinstrument, elektronskoelectronic, institucionalniinstitutional.Although we do fetch a essential Slovene word for institution, which is ustanova, in that respect is no semantically corresponding Slovene adjective (ustanovni in this case would be a false friend) this is why the Slovene term employs the international premodifier. 3. 4. 2.Structurally repeat, lexically unpredictable equivalents ordained market adjust market retail investor semi-official market mean(a) price initial publi c fling bullish market registered grants close bonds establishment bonds open-end fund borzna kotacija organizirani trg mali vlagatelj prosti trg enotni tecaj prva javna prodaja bikovski trend imenske delnice podjetniske obveznice javne obveznice vzajemni sklad Here we amaze NPs of the uniform structure Adj+N on both sides, and what is problematic is the lexical choiceseither of premodifiers or of heads.In place of official one would expect a alinement with the words stock exchange (judging from borzen). Kotacija does reach a direct translation, namely quotation, but the English term refers to the highest bid or lowest ask price in stock(predicate) on a security at any given time and thus the two are false friends. The very specific Slovene term borzna kotacija, which stands for the part of the LJSE correct market intended for companies complying with strict reporting and disclosure obligations, only has one equivalent in English, namely official market.For organizirani trg , umteen an(prenominal) would expect organized market, which, however, is a mistranslation. Instinctively, and not being familiar with stock exchange terminology, a transcriber might also be tempted to translate the seemingly child manage mali vlagatelj as something like small investor, which would of human body result in implications divorced from the stock exchange context. If looked at in isolation, prost, enoten, prodaja, trend, imenski, kotacija, podjetniski, javen would all get translations different from those in the supra right B. Bozinovski, The Language of the Stock Exchange 159 column. Here they appear in typical multi-word lexical items from the language of the stock exchange, and requirement specific equivalents. The in a higher place pairs are also illustrative of the different conceptualizations in the two languages. return key podjetniske obveznicethey are not *entrepreneurial bonds or *company bonds, but quite private bonds. What is more, although one might expect, in view of the logic of things, the opposite of private to be public bonds, English until now calls them government bonds (while Slovene does see them as public, thus javne obveznice). 3. 4. 3.Structurally divergent, lexically parallel equivalents 3. 4. 3. a. contrary order of lexemes or different parts of speech delnica prostega trga druzba za upravljanje dvotirni sistem vodenja druzb indeks blue-chip delnic indeks celotnega trga indeks obveznic posel s sveznjem struktura prometa vzdrzevalec likvidnosti N+NP N+PP Adj+N+ NP N+NP N+NP N+N N+PP N+N N+N semi-official market share circumspection company two-tier oversight system blue-chip world power total market advocate bond index block trade turnover structure liquidity provider NP+N N+N NP+N+ N N+N NP+N N+N N+N N+N N+NIn phrases with indices, Slovene has plural nominal postmodifiers in the genitive case (indeks obveznic), while English will typically lexicalize the same concept though a unparalleled nominal premodifie r in the nominative (bond index). The delnice part of the respective Slovene NPs (indeks blue-chip delnic, indeks delnic investicijskih skladov) has a zero point realization in English (blue-chip index, investment fund index). 3. 4. 3. b.Structurally different premodifiers avkcijsko trgovanje celotna trzna kapitalizacija delniska druzba osnovni kapital presezni certifikat tekoci podatki trzna kapitalizacija trzno narocilo cenovno obcutljiva informacija dobro pouceni vlagatelj auction trading total market greatisation joint-stock company share capital outperformance surety real-time data market capitalization market order price-sensitive information reasoning(a) investor 160 Slovenski jezik Slovene Linguistic Studies 7 (2009)Slovene uses adjectival premodifiers where English has nominal ones, except in the last two cases, which both share the structure of a nominal head premodified by an adjective and even share the same head, but employ different premodifiers the Slovene premo difier has the head obcutljiv premodified by the adverb cenovno, whereas in English the same information is lexicalized through with(predicate) and through a compound composed of a noun (price) and an adjective (sensitive).3. 4. 3. c. Structurally different postmodifiers delnice investicijskih skladov predcasni odkup delnic stopnja donosa trzna kapitalizacija obveznic shares of investment funds early redemption of shares rate of return market cap of bonds The repeated pattern here is a nominal postmodifier in the genitive case in Slovene as opposed to a postmodifying prepositional phrase (PP)typically the of-phrase, as shown by all of the above examplesin English.both groups of postmodifiers have the same function (namely that of expressing genitival relations), regardless of their having different constructions Slovene being a man-made language, its expression of the genitive involves attaching genitival suffixes on postmodifying nouns, with English, an analytical language, hav ing the same content expressed through an independent morpheme (the preposition of). Postmodifiers may be PPs on both sides, but with different heads sredstva v upravljanju trgovanje z obveznicami sistematicni internalizator za delnice 3.4. 4. N+PP N+PP NP+PP assets under management N+PP trading in bonds N+PP systematic internalizer in NP+PP shares Structurally and lexically divergent equivalents EN BTS trading system GBD brokerage house market maker TUVL plane section 3. 4. 4. a. Explanatory equivalent BTS GBD TUVL segment The acronym TUVL stands for Trg uradnih vzdrzevalcev likvidnosti, BTS for borzni trgovalni sistem and GBD for Gorenjska borznoposredniska hisa, no(prenominal) of which have English counterparts.There are other Slovene acronyms and abbreviations that do not have direct English equivalents and need informative phrases when being translated into English, e. g. , CTG (celotna globina trga), ATVP (Agencija za trg vrednostnih paprijev), KDD (Centralna klirinsko depo tna druzba), DZU (druzba za upravljanje), ID (investicijska druzba), PID (pooblascena investicijska druzba), and others. Disregarding the names of institutions, only a few are left, a situation B. Bozinovski, The Language of the Stock Exchange 161 somewhat different from that in English, which abounds in abbreviated forms.These, in turn, do typically not require informative Slovene phrases to be understood by Slovenes, being used world-wide by the speakers of the LSP in question. Slovene abbreviations, on the other hand, are not self-explanatory or cognise to English speakers, and wherefore do need explanations. Cf. 3. 3. 3. 4. 4. b. Non-transparent equivalents down the stairs are a few groups of recurrent constructions that appear in the two languages as equivalent SLO NP NP(nomin. )+NP(gen. ) Kodeks upravljanja javnih delniskih druzb SLO NP N(nomin. )+N(gen.) nihanje cen obrat kapitalizacije placilo kuponov revizija indeksov SLO NP N(nomin. )+NP(gen. ) indeks delnic borznega in prostega trga EN NP NP+N Corporate Governance enter EN NP N+N price volatility turnover rate coupon honorarium index review EN NP NP+N total market index Note the contrastively problematic EN index review (similarly index performance, index structure, index constituents, etc), where the premodifying noun index is always in the singular, both if referring to a single index (SLO revizija indeksa) or several (SLO revizija indeksov).This calls for an attentive English-Slovene translator who must infer from context. SLO NP N(nomin. )+NP(gen. ) datum zapadlosti zadnjega kupona SLO NP N(nomin. )+N (gen. ) institut izstopa institut iztisnitve oddelitev druzbe SLO NP NP+PP prvi trgovalni dan brez upravicenja do dividende izvedeni financni instrumenti na blago SLO NP NP/N+PP borzni clan z oddaljenim dostopom narocilo s preudarkom EN NP N+N coupon age EN NP cpd sell-out squeeze-out spin-off EN NP N+N ex-dividend date commodity derivatives EN NP Adj+N remote control section discretiona ry order.162 Slovenski jezik Slovene Linguistic Studies 7 (2009) SLO NP N+PP delnice v borzni kotaciji 3. 4. 4. b. Non-transparent equivalents (continued) SLO NP N+PP poslovanje s sveznji prenosi med racuni istega imetnika trgovanje z vrednostnimi papirji trgovanje na podlagi notranjih informacij SLO NP N+PP potrdilo o pravnomocnosti SLO NP Adj+N (borzni) clan kosovne delnice presecni datum EN NP NP+N official market shares.EN NP N+N block trading inter-accounts management securities trading insider dealings EN NP N(gen. )+NP courts finality seal EN NP N/NP+N piece (firm) no par value shares record date The above lists of corresponding construction patterns are far from exhaustive. We have merely made an undertake at classifying selected NPs both according to their structural (congruent or divergent) and lexical (transparent or oblique) properties, seek to show that there are immeasurable patterns of correspondence between the two languages.4.  treatment and conclusion The present analysis has mapped out a complex web of interlingual correspondences between Slovene and English terms and expressions from the language of the stock exchange. The CA focused on the form of the place pairs of NPs as well as on problems of meaning, discovering such interlingual difficulties as divergent polysemy, false friends, conceptual and lexical gaps. This was expected, since languages are known to differ in an disorganised and by and large unpredictable manner as to expressing the same content.We will now present our findings under the following three headings a. interpreting correspondence. Lexical (terminological) gaps The analysis has shown the prevalent type of translation correspondence between the identified Slovene and English NPs to be partial correspondence it involves structural non-congruence, often coupled with complexities of meaning. Example pairs include pooblascenecproxy holder, trgovalna kodaticker, posel s sveznjemblock trade, trzna kapitalizacija market capitalization, promet clanovturnover by member firms, nominalne delnicepar value shares, etc.There were also instances of complete correspondence, where the English and Slovene NPs were both structurally and semantically congruent, but these were a minority. Examples include prometturnover, trgovalni dantrading day. B. Bozinovski, The Language of the Stock Exchange 163 Examples of nil correspondence between English and Slovene NPs have revealed lexical (or, or else terminological) gaps in the languages of the stock exchange, where certain concepts go or have been lexicalized in one language but not in the other.English terms for which there are no ready-made Slovene equivalents include insider, blue-chip, OTC, and many others. Our expectations regarding the three types of translation equivalence to be found between lexical items in two languages, as hardened down in the Introduction, have thus been confirmed. English is the lingua franca of business and finance, and this is also reflected (interlingually) in the language of the stock exchange.New concepts and terms for them are born in the Anglophone West, while the rest of the world adopts the English terminology and mostly just localizes it to a certain extent, often failing to accompany up with language-specific equivalent terms. As a result, Slovene stock exchange terminology abounds in carbon copies of English terms (blue-chip indeks, sistematicni internalizator, insajder), outright modelled upon their English counterparts, and descriptive expressions (izvedeni financni instrument, trgovanje na podlagi notranjih informacij, prvi trgovalni dan brez upravicenja do dividende).Especially tricky are about untranslatable English terms that have no lexical equivalent in Slovene at all (mistrade, market maker, OTC, outfox fund). Problematic as to their Slovene equivalents are also the idiom-like pumping dumping, painting the tape, weaken sales, scalping, etc. When there are no ready-made translat ion equivalents (lexical, conceptual gaps), there are at least three optionsa) to make up a new Slovene term, b) to opt for a descriptive equivalent, or c) to try to find an approximate functional equivalent.Descriptive expressions (posli, pri katerih je sprememba lastnistva financnih instrumentov zgolj navidezna for wash sales) can be long-winded. Functional equivalents (narocilo s skrito kolicino is a type of order very similar to iceberg order, but not identical to iceberg) can be inaccurate. The troika option, to invent a new term, lies outside the scope of translation work, since in LSP it is not customary for translators to decide on prefer terms for concepts. These are for experts to agree on (sometimes in cooperation with linguists).Once they compel used and catch on, the translator may notice them as legitimate equivalents, based on expert advice, but not before, lest they become ghost words, i. e. terms that exist on paper, but not in actual use. There are also some S lovene terms with no mirror-image English equivalents, which is a general feature of any terminology, not just the language of the stock exchange. TUVL, BTS, and the like are limited to terms for concepts grotesque to the Slovene stock exchange trading platform. We can therefore speak of conceptual gaps.They are translated into English through explanatory equivalents, e. g. , market maker TUVL segment. b. Interference. Collocations, false friends and the like It is a known fact that language learners (translators as non-native speakers of an L2 included) are inclined to draw analogies with their L1 when constructing lexical units in L2. When the two languages overlap in their formal, semantic or grammatical features, this leads to prescribed transfer and correct L2 lexical items (terms and expressions). Slovene terms such as mednarodni razpis, nalozba, dividenda, obveznica and 164.Slovenski jezik Slovene Linguistic Studies 7 (2009) their English translations are parallel in all o f the above respects and thus unproblematic in translational and contrastive terms. If the formal, semantic or grammatical features of L1 and L2, however, do not overlap, or if they do but only partially (when meanings agree, but not forms, or the other way around), then constructing L2 terms on the analogy with L1 ones leads to lexical errors and we speak of interference or detrimental transfer from L1. This is a possibility with the flock of Slovene stock exchange terms and expressions.Take aplikacija, for instance. A translator unfamiliar with the terminology of the field might be tempted to translate it as application, which, to my knowledge, has no specialized meaning in this field, the correct equivalent being the unpredictable cross trade. Or the much debated organizirani trg, which is not organized in English, but rather adjust market. Consider also the temptation of word-for-word rendering of korak kotacije, borzna kotacija, mali vlagatelj, prekinitvena avkcija and many others.Negative transfer works in the opposite direction as well, when it is known as backward interference under the influence of L2, learners can be often tempted to remodel their L1 lexical items to match those in L2. Even if backward interference be at work, expressions such as financial markets, legal framework, investors would not cause any problems, since they are structurally and semantically parallel to their Slovene equivalents. It gets tricky when the Slovene term for open-end fund is not odprti sklad, but rather vzajemni sklad, and especially with terms such as quote.Quote has the seductive verbal equivalent kotirati that does exist and is astray used but with a different meaning, the correct rendering being narocilo za nakup in prodajo. The cross-linguistic floors are also dodgy with terms such as regulated market, which appears unproblematic at first bulk in fact, however, regulirani trg is an expression that does not exist in the Slovene language of the stock exch ange, where the same concept has been lexicalized through another lexemeorganizirani trg.Further, there are pairs of NPs that look misleadingly similar, yet differ in key details, which we had anticipated in the Introduction to this article. For instance, trade in shares is trgovati z delnicami, assets under management is sredstva v upravljanju, right on a security is pravica iz vrednostnega papirja, bond (sg. ) index is indeks obveznic (pl. ), dobicek (sg. ) na delnico is earnings (pl. ) per share, and capital markets can either be kapitalski trg (sg. ) or kapitalski trgi (pl. ).Grammatical collocations are a notoriously difficult interlingual area, make problems especially in encoding, and so are the singularplural distinctions. When translating slovenski kapitalski trg into English, most would opt for the only reasonable choice, namely Slovene capital market. Yet the English prefer the plural expression, thus Slovene capital markets. Due to semantic tailoring, a lexical item m ay be endowed with a mess of semantic shadings and consequently receive different counterparts in the other language.Trg, for instance, is not always market in the language of the stock exchange. Borzni and prosti trg are exchange and semi-official market, while for narocila na trgu we have orders sitting in the order book. Similarly, the adjective organizirani can either be organized (trading) or regulated (market) in English, while vzdrzevalec likvidnosti can either be liquidity provider or market maker, depending on the context. B. Bozinovski, The Language of the Stock Exchange 165Conversely, the EN share is not always delez in Slovene note the pairs sharedelnica, official market sharedelnica na borznem trgu, market sharetrzni delez, share capitalosnovni kapital. This confirms our expectations worded in the Introduction on the affirmable discrepancy between translation equivalents of lexemes in isolation (aplikacijaapplication, organiziranorganized) and those of the same lexem es in a particular context (aplikacijacross trade, organizirani trgregulated market).It is one of the goals of contrastive lexicology to point out such controversial pairs of collocations and thus sustain the claim that translation equivalence is largely collocation-dependent. The analysis has also singled out Slovene and English NPs that look similar (have a similar form), but differ, at least partly, in meaning (the so-called false friends). one of them usually belongs to the LSP of the stock exchange, while the other has LGP applications divorced from the stock exchange context quote (n. )kotirati (v.), institutional inve.