Definition and Examples of Primary Verbs in English

The primary verbs in English grammar are the verbs be, have, and do—all three of which can function as either main verbs or auxiliary verbs. Primary verbs are sometimes referred to as ​primary auxiliaries. The Different Functions of Primary Verbs To BeMargaret is a brilliant student. (lexical verb)Margaret is applying to Yale. (auxiliary verb)To HaveFrank has a good job. (lexical verb)Frank has just returned from a business trip. (auxiliary verb)To DoNana does the crossword puzzle in the Sunday paper. (lexical verb)Nana doesnt go out much anymore. (auxiliary verb) Primary Verbs as Auxiliaries In one of their uses, the primary verbs precede a main, lexical verb. When used in this way, they may be said to be functioning as auxiliary verbs within the clause. This is illustrated in (17): (17a) He is speaking to her now.(17b) I have visited my grandmother every Christmas since I was a child.(17c) You didnt eat your lunch.In simple terms, auxiliary verbs are additional verbs (or helping verbs, as EFL teachers often say). In Modern English, primary be is used as an auxiliary in either the progressive construction, illustrated in (17a), or in the passive construction, illustrated in (18):(18) She was spoken to yesterday.When used as an auxiliary, have appears in perfect constructions, as shown in (19):(19a) He has spoken to her.(19b) He had spoken to her yesterday.When used as an auxiliary, do appears in negative and interrogative constructions:(20a) I didnt speak to her yesterday.(20b) Did you speak to her yesterday? Notice that it is the job of the primary verb to carry the tense inflection for the entire verb phrase (VP), while the main verb conveys the semantic content. Primary Verbs and Modal Verbs Primary and modal verbs do not follow the same grammatical rules. In particular: Primaries have -s forms; modals do not:is has, doesPrimaries have nonfinite forms; modals do not:to be, being, been(David Crystal, Rediscover Grammar, 3rd ed. Pearson Longman, 2003)​ Be as Auxiliary of the Progressive and of the Passive [I]n a sense we can answer the question of how many primary auxiliaries there are with either four or three; the verb be does double duty as the auxiliary of the progressive and the auxiliary of the passive. Since these are quite different functions, and since it is quite easy to distinguish them, it is best to view them as two different primary auxiliaries which have the same form. It is easy to distinguish the two uses. First of all, the progressive be and the passive be are followed by different forms of the verb, ing form (be eating) and part (be eaten), respectively. Second, passive sentences have some particular characteristics: for instance, in a passive sentence you can usually have a by phrase (be eaten by a shark).Functions of DoWe often use the verb do as a stand-in auxiliary, much in the same way as we use primary and modal auxiliaries. Like primary verbs, it can function as an auxiliary or as a principal verb because it has a full verb inflectional paradigm.Do as an auxi liary verb:This! Why, father, what do you mean? This is home! [Porter]Does everybody at the academy dress like that? [Gogol]Do as a lexical verb:But that the most acceptable service of God is doing good to man. [Franklin]Sane people did what their neighbors did so that if any lunatics were at large, one might know and avoid them. [Eliot]The thick iron ferrule is worn down, so it is evident that he has done a great amount of walking with it. [Doyle] Because of the flexibility of this verb (it is also used to form questions, negatives, and for emphasis), it is important to pay close attention to how it is used. When it is used as an auxiliary, like the primary and modal verbs, it will occupy the initial position in the verb phrase, and there will always be a non-finite lexical verb to follow. When it is used as a lexical verb, it may be preceded by an auxiliary verb or simply stand alone. Sources Martin J.  Endley,  Linguistic Perspectives on English Grammar: A Guide for EFL Teachers. Information Age Publishing, 2010 Kersti Bà ¶rjars and Kate Burridge,  Introducing English Grammar, 2nd ed. Hodder, 2010 Bernard ODwyer,  Modern English Structures: Form, Function, and Position. Broadview Press, 2000

Amitav Ghoshs In an Antique Land - 1088 Words

Book Review: Amitav Ghosh In an Antique Land â€Å"The only people for whom we can even begin to imagine properly human, individual, existences are the literate and the consequential, the wazirs and the sultans, the chroniclers, and the priests—the people who had the power to inscribe themselves physically upon time† (Ghosh 17). History is written by the victorious, influential and powerful; however, history has forgotten the people whose voices were seized, those who were illiterate and ineloquent, and most importantly those who were oppressed by the institution of casted societies. Because history does not document those voices, it is the duty to the anthropologist, the historiographer, the philosopher as well as scholars in other fields of†¦show more content†¦What was most intriguing about the text is that it is stated that there is a thirty-year period between the first letters in which the slave is mentioned. I was well aware that slaves were a commodity in the medieval period, however not to this e xtent. This was not the case; the slave in the letters between Khalav and Abraham gradually gained importance in that he was given permission to mention something in the letter later on. Moreover, the mentioning of the slave is short, however, without this mentioning, his life, his story would have been buried with the other stories that history fails to mention. Weather that is because of a societal stigma that doesn’t allow for the truth to be revealed i.e. religious law, societal law etc. or because of an academic stigma that doesn’t allow for even the slightest reasonable doubt. â€Å"The Slave of MSH.6 first stepped upon the stage of modern history in 1942. His was a brief debut, in the obscurest of theatres, and he was scarcely out of the wings before he was gone again − more a prompter‟s whisper than a recognizable face in the cast† (Ghosh 13). The idea that a synagogue existed in the 12th century, in the 19th century they would be destroyed, interreligious dynamics then and now. It can be debated if In An Antique Land is a novel, a autobiography, a biography or even a travelogue. However, the format of this book ignited the ideas from the film Live and Become in which we viewed in class. Live and BecomeShow MoreRelatedIn an Antique Land Essay804 Words   |  4 PagesIn Amitav Ghoshs, In an Antique Land, the author compares his life with that of a slave named Bomma. He reveals that both men live in antique lands, foreign to their culture and surrounded by very different people. Ghosh also relates the book to Percy Bysshe Shellys poem Ozymandias, a piece on mankinds hubris and the insignificance of the individual. Ghosh effectively juxtaposes Bommas life with his own as he tries to find himself and unlock the slaves past through the ancient papers of the

Integration Of Project Management And Organizational †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Integration Of Project Management And Organizational. Answer: Introduction According to Heraclitus nothing is permanent except change especially in business where change is a constant procedure and needed to remain viable. Change can massively impact schedules, budgets, technologies and deliverables. Only certain types of change can be controlled but through the ability of respond, adapt and anticipate we can deal with changes which cannot be controlled. The report discusses the impact of change management in time, cost and quality of a project along with the associated risk. Impacts of the Change in the project In the inception phase the objectives was changed due to urgent demand of completing the whole tower and to ensure the publicity concern. In developing phase the work development start after two year of initial tower project due to budget issues. For budget issue project managers are change the tower design which started affect relationship with the original architect and may have helped create a chain reaction of subsequent problems (Suma Lakshmi, 201). In implementing phase the heavy elevator impact the project including delays of project opening, security and scope change. Due to the heavy wind 6 days per week, budget overrun of 12 $ million to 15 $ million the opening of the tower to the public delayed and after 100 days it shut down for an extend amount of time to repair the broken bearing at the base of the tower. Change Discussion Impact on project Techniques to Solve BUDGET The initial budget US 12$ million exceeds to 15$ million The schedule appeared to have been very loose Management of change within the project is a complex task and need different change management tools as use of checklist and process map and a change request form for proposing and managing change (Kerzner Kerzner, 2017). Also a proper communicating plan is important for communicating with several teams and project manager. DESIGN The pod-shaped glass viewing cabin topped by a 130 ft was reduced to 82 ft and glass is replaced with metal composite with silt-like viewing window. As the design change the architecture design and schedules also changed that leads to delay of opening the tower. TECHNICAL Tower elevator was too heavy to operate. Change on wing After opening for public in October 2001 it was closed again for this issue. OBJECTIVES The first objectives is to place a viewing cabin and provide a house for communicating with Science centre. It appeared that here was an urgent demand to put together the whole tower. The objective change, dramatically affect the project that leads to late opening and budget issues. Options and Associated risks The different options to satisfy the change request include determining the scope of the change along with the evaluation of scope of incorporating the change in the project (Hornstein, 2015). Serious technical risks innate in the tower project were identified and knowledgeable analysts were chosen to achieve the risk analysis in a timely manner. The biggest technical challenge of the project is the length of the tower as it has to be 10 time taller than its base width. The change of design of the tower and the technical team causes great risk of uncertainty (Hu et al., 2013). The Change request Form 1.) SUBMITTER - GENERAL INFORMATION CR# 01 Type of CR Enhancement Defect Submitter Name Project Manager Brief Description of Request The change is to be implemented in the developing and inception phase as the design and objectives of the project change dramatically. The elements of wing on the top of the building need to replace as heat can melt the glass. The elevator team needs to change cause the old team was on leave. The investment is also overrun 12 million dollar to 15 million dollar. Date Submitted 01/20/2001 Priority Low Medium High Mandatory Reason for Change The objectives change due to the certain requirement of the owner and stakeholders. The technical team has been changed because the old team members are on leave and elevator needs to repair immediately. Assumptions and Notes It is assumed that the requested change will have massive impact on the project schedule as extra 9 month will be required to implement the change. Comments This change cannot be implemented after project release as some important modification is needed to be done in the project code. Approval Signature [Approval Signature] Date Signed [mm/dd/yyyy] 2.) PROJECT MANAGER - INITIAL ANALYSIS Hour Impact 60hrs Duration Impact Approx. 9 month and after remaining 100 days numerous shut downs. Cost Impact Additional $3 million is required Comments The change required is although not huge, but it is mandatory since the owner and public satisfaction is an important aspect of this project. Recommendations Proper communication and understanding is necessary for implementing the change that is propose. Approval Signature [Approval Signature] Date Signed [mm/dd/yyyy] 3.) CHANGE CONTROL BOARD DECISION Decision Approved Approved with Conditions Rejected More Info Decision Date 03/05/11 Decision Explanation The change request plan has been approved by the board with the condition that no further delay will be accounted for the project. Approval Signature [Approval Signature] Date Signed 03/05/11 Scope Creep Scope creep usually refers to the uncontrollable, continuous and change in the scope of the project after the project has started executed (Thakurta, 2013). In this project scope creep occurred for the lake of communication and understanding between owner and first architect. To manage scope creep following steps must be followed- The project vision need to be cleared to meet the certain objectives through their review and comments. Understanding the owner requirement and be familiar with the current situations and make an well-organized list that can refer to throughout the project duration (Fleming Koppelman, 2016).Items should include, deadline, budget, delivery, feature, employee satisfaction and public satisfaction. Define deliverables and have them permitted by the project drivers. Deliverables should be general descriptions of functionality to be defined during the project. Conclusion Therefore, it can be concluded that in order to implement a change in a project, proper planning and communication is necessary. Change request can be implemented when a change in project processes benefits the successful implementation of the same. Proper identification of project requirements might help in managing the scope creep associated with a project. Reference Hornstein, H. A. (2015). The integration of project management and organizational change management is now a necessity.International Journal of Project Management,33(2), 291-298. Hu, Y., Zhang, X., Ngai, E. W. T., Cai, R., Liu, M. (2013). Software project risk analysis using Bayesian networks with causality constraints.Decision Support Systems,56, 439-449. Kerzner, H., Kerzner, H. R. (2017).Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Suma, V., LakshmiMadhuri, K. (2013). Influence of Scope Creep on Project Success: AComparative Study between Conventional ApproachVerses Agile Approach. InIEEE International Conference on Advanced research in Engineering and Technology (ICARET). Thakurta, R. (2013). Impact of Scope Creep on Software Project Quality. Vilakshan: The XIMB Journal of Management, 10(1). Fleming, Q. W., Koppelman, J. M. (2016, December). Earned value project management. Project Management Institute.

Liability Capping CSC Australia in Perth

Introduction CSC Australia in Perth is one of the largest providers of IT services in the region and it has 56% of the market in the region. 1 One of the advantages of the company is its global nature, i.e. the company operates globally.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Liability Capping: CSC Australia in Perth specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Another advantage of the company is its capability to cap liabilities as all multinationals tend to operate in accordance with major corporate laws. Liability capping is essential for CSC Australia as it operates in such areas as coal and gas mining which are often associated with a variety of safety concerns. Notably, the company pays special attention to safety issues and all company’s employees have the necessary skills to consult clients on numerous safety issues.2 One of the company’s policies is to constantly move to niches where competition is the lowest . Thus, the company manages to reduce expenditure. Nonetheless, there are still a variety of issues to be addressed. For instance, one of the most urgent issues is increased competition which is aggravated by the on-going debate on the necessity to considerably increase liability capping for companies. Importantly, the increase of liability capping has negative as well as a positive outcome for the company. Decision Criteria To develop proper decision criteria, it is possible to employ Michael Porter Framework. The framework reveals five major forces affecting companies. These forces are threat of new competitors, threat of substitute services, bargaining power of buyers, bargaining power of suppliers and intensity of rivalry.3 It is important to note that the five factors are interconnected but some factors are more relevant for a particular company whereas other factors have little influence.4Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As for such factors as threat of substitute services or bargaining power of suppliers and buyers, they are quite irrelevant as the company pays a lot of attention to innovation and development of a variety of services for numerous clients with different paying capability. It is also necessary to note that there will always be demand in this sector as people still heavily rely on production of coal and gas. Porter’s forces can be regarded as appropriate criteria to evaluate possible alternatives for CSC to develop. Alternatives The First Alternative: Looking for New Niches The first possible alternative for CSC Australia is to continue the policies employed in the company. Thus, the company can move to other niches where competition is insignificant.5 First, the intensity of competitive rivalry will be almost insignificant as the company tends to move to niches where only a few providers operate. At that, the existing provi ders are likely to be small companies which have a very significant drawback as they cannot provide enough liability to the client. With respect to the debate concerning increase of liability capping, fewer companies (unless they are multinationals) will be able to cap their liabilities.6 Therefore, CSC Australia can operate in the new niche quite effectively as it is likely to be the only company capping liability. Nonetheless, quite soon every niche gets occupied by different companies. Therefore, the threat of new competition is very high and it makes this alternative quite ineffective as multinationals can also enter the niche chosen by the company. These companies can cap their liabilities and can provide services on different (more favourable) terms. The Second Alternative: Remaining in the Niches Looking for new niches is associated with certain risks mentioned above. It is necessary to remain in the niches and develop new services and new offers to remain attractive for the existing clients. However, the intensity of competitive rivalry is quite significant.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Liability Capping: CSC Australia in Perth specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The company’s liability cap will not be regarded as one of the most important advantages as many multinationals cap their liabilities and pay a lot of attention to safety. There is also a threat of new competition as many companies appear and expand their markets. Many multinationals may enter the niches occupied by CSC, which will negatively affect the company’s development. The Third Alternative: Combining the Two Alternatives It is possible to come up with another alternative which can be appropriate for the company. CSC Australia can remain in the niches chosen and simultaneously it will search for new niches. However, remaining in the ‘old’ niche does not mean that the company will simply of fer the same services at lower prices or develop some new products. It can be effective to develop services which can address issues in areas associated with higher risks. This can help the company avoid a lot of competition. Solution Therefore, it is possible to note that the third option is the most appropriate for the company as the first two are still associated with a lot of competition (new competition and intensive existing competition). Diversification has always been seen as an effective strategy. Thus, the company should continue searching for new niches, but this cannot be a priority for such large company as CSC Australia. At the same time, the company should develop strategies to remain competitive in the niches where the company is operating. One of the possible ways to do it is to develop new services which can be applied in areas associated with higher risks. This can lead to certain losses. However, this will positively affect the company’s development in the long run. The company pays a lot of attention to innovation.7Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The company is capable of developing new services which will help miners work in more dangerous sites with minimal risk. Admittedly, the company will have to cap its liabilities which can also lead to increased expenditure. However, it is necessary to note that companies (large multinationals) tend to compensate possible losses.8 Therefore, in case of some accident the company will still pay certain compensations. Of course, if the company develops proper products, there will be no need to pay compensations. Implication To implement the solution suggested, the company will need to undertake certain steps. In the first place, it is essential to develop a definite strategy. It is crucial to set specific goals. All employees should be aware of the goals and the new strategy. The employees should understand the direction chosen. The innovation department should focus on the major objective while still working on a variety of projects. The major objective is development of products appli cable in more dangerous sites in coal and gas mining. It may be effective to pay more attention to human resources policies. The company may need to employ more professionals (perhaps, young professionals) who will come up with ideas to address existing issues in the industry. It is also crucial to develop human resources as employees may need to focus on development of quite new products. Of course, the company will continue searching for new niches. The company has significant experience in this sphere. Apart from offering established services, it is also possible to offer products applicable in dangerous sites. This will help acquire more experience and develop new products. The company has been cooperating with different companies in different projects.9 Development of new products may require cooperation with other companies. CSC Australia should be ready to collaborate with its rivals. The company should focus on its services and its capability to address the most serious issu es. Besides, the company will also stress its being responsible as it caps its liabilities. The company’s clients should be aware of these advantages of the company. Therefore, the company should also shape its marketing strategy. Major focus should be made on the new products and the company’s liability capping. Bibliography Grundy, Tony. â€Å"Rethinking and Reinventing Michael Porter’s Five Forces Model.† Strategic Change 15, no. 1 (2006): 213-229. Horton, Michael. Interview, Business Capstone Interviews, 2011, accessed from https://mcmaweb01.curtin.edu.au/content.php?content_id=382. Ketels, Christian H. M. â€Å"Michael Porter’s Competitiveness Framework – Recent Learnings and New Research Priorities.† J Ind Compet Trade 6, no. 1 (2006): 115-136. Kotadia, Munir. â€Å"AIA: Uncapped Liability Clause Makes Firms Lie.† ZDNet, April 21, 2006. Accessed from http://www.zdnet.com/aiia-uncapped-liability-clause-makes-firms-lie-1139 252849/. Stein, Sam. â€Å"Robert Menendez Pushes Bill Raising BP’s Oil Spill Liability to $10 Billion.† Huffington Post, May 25, 2011. Accessed from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/05/03/robert-menendez-pushes-bi_n_561011.html. Footnotes 1. Michael Horton, Interview, Business Capstone Interviews, 2011, accessed from https://mcmaweb01.curtin.edu.au/content.php?content_id=382. 2. Ibid. 3. Christian H. M. Ketels, â€Å"Michael Porter’s Competitiveness Framework – Recent Learnings and New Research Priorities,† J Ind Compet Trade 6, no. 1 (2006): 116. 4. Tony Grundy, â€Å"Rethinking and Reinventing Michael Porter’s Five Forces Model,† Strategic Change 15, no. 1 (2006): 218. 5. Michael Horton, Interview, Business Capstone Interviews, 2011, accessed from https://mcmaweb01.curtin.edu.au/content.php?content_id=382. 6. Munir Kotadia, â€Å"AIA: Uncapped Liability Clause Makes Firms LIe,† ZDNet, April 21, 2006, http://www.zdnet.com/a iia-uncapped-liability-clause-makes-firms-lie-1139252849/. 7 Michael Horton, Interview, Business Capstone Interviews, 2011, accessed from https://mcmaweb01.curtin.edu.au/content.php?content_id=382. 8. Sam Stein, â€Å"Robert Menendez Pushes Bill Raising BP’s Oil Spill Liability to $10 Billion,† Huffington Post, May 25, 2011, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/05/03/robert-menendez-pushes-bi_n_561011.html. 9. Michael Horton, Interview, Business Capstone Interviews, 2011, accessed from https://mcmaweb01.curtin.edu.au/content.php?content_id=382. This essay on Liability Capping: CSC Australia in Perth was written and submitted by user Rylee Sears to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.