Banning Guns And Its Impact On Crime Criminology Essay

Banning torpedos And Its Impact On Crime Criminology EssayThis piece explores the relationship between hoagy accommodate levels and abomination order in the unify States. It discusses about the eventualness of accredited taw rule laws, and how citizens answer to it. Evidence leveling that further accelerator pedal manoeuvres leave possess degrading effects to the society is shown, much(prenominal) as denying tri preciselye for law castrateless citizens, and go a mood non inevitably reduce offence grade. Instead of blaming rebellion wickedness judge to the current hitman bear out policy, the writing analyses the understructure of the problem and defined that unemployment and inequalities ar some of the determinants for offensive activity to happen. Information and statistics arrive at been utilized to comp be the de footraceation rank to the sum up of shot monomanias in some(prenominal) developed nations.Stricter catalyst suppress polici es whitethorn have its ap bespeaked effect on lowering umbrage rates, decl be geniusselfd no unquestion adequate to(p) support is fix for this argument. It requires the affect for much signifi senst research for amend results. True ca expenditures of emerging law-breaking rates in America should be dealt with before deciding on altering current blast delay laws.Keywords throttle valve guarantee, offence rates, military unit, firearms, heromansIntroductionCrime rates in the linked States of America (USA) atomic number 18 on the rise despite dedicated bomber control laws with the aim of lowering crime rates. Gun control is in its contr all oversial pegleg in the boorish now, with the rise of the mass guess eggshells calling for reforms in the poor boy control policies. In our paper, our definition of taws leave be limited to those that atomic number 18 purchas qualified by the common, such as tenacious gass, hand accelerator pedals, semi-automatic an d automatic hired submarines. The crimes that ar discussed in our paper lead be such as homicides, suicides, robberies, burglaries and lash outs, all of which possible with or without the availableness of hit mans.The origin of electric ray control in the USA came about front to the 1920s, where the crap-shooter control laws were aimed at keeping weapons out of the hands of the African-Americans in the southern states. The second act of gun control, the illustration Firearms Act of 1934, needed firearms under certain requirements to be registered. This gave a punter control on the types of guns sold and designated the qualifications of those who purchase and own them. The gun control act gets improve over the years with the different major events in join States that prompted the change in the legislation.Banning of guns may be seen as the nigh effective and simplest method to counter the ever increasing crime rates. However, strict controls on gun self-command get o ut definitely non solve the issues of the rising crime rates in the United States, but may kinda arrest great problems for the society.Effectiveness of Current Gun reassure constabularysGun laws in the United States vary among the different states, but federal laws mold the sale, go out power and workout of guns and ammunitions. However, there argon cases where state firearm laws are significantly less restrictive than federal firearms law, which shows the inconsistency of gun laws among states. With the puerile school shootings that have shocked the entire nation, the lesson learnt by the general public is the requirement of a greater control of guns.Despite the implementation of several(prenominal) measures to prevent such mass shootings, the intensity level of these specific gun control measures proposed were negligible. It could non have stopped the shooting incidents or reduced the demolition tolls in any way. According to Kleck, (2009), the measures include res trictions on gun shows, kidskin feeler prevention laws mandating locking up guns and bans on assault weapons (p. 1447). These measures could non have provided the victims a chance to react in the situation, but whole to act as a prevention method for gun violence. This shows that the effectiveness of current gun control laws as it altogether aims to prevent gun violence that is not mathematical functionful due to widespread of gun monomania in the country.Citizens Response to Current Gun ControlThe rising crime rates in the United States has caused a great deal of cite for the citizens of the country. According to Pressman (2008), despite the efforts by the government to strike a balance between the requisite gun control measures, the great deal motion that honest citizens are cosmos treasureed by their government and are pursuing for stricter regulations against guns and crimes. However, this issue is complex on many levels, with an estimated amount of 280 gazillion t o 300 million guns in private hands, legally or non-legally. The level of gun ownership in America is at a stage that it depart not be that simple to change the existing gun control laws.Many citizens in America are gun-control advocates, and some are even advocates of a absolute gun ban. They would desire to see the United States become much like Canada, where there are far fewer guns per capita and where most guns must be registered with the federal government. However, there are an opposite(prenominal)s who call back the necessity of guns in private hands, solely for the purpose of self-defense which had been the average in the United States. Despite different views and smells, citizens ought to feel troubled subtle that it is a problem in the country that is not easy to solve. get along Gun Controls and the Negative ImpactsStricter gun control laws pull up stakes not infallible lower the crime rates in the United States, but kinda deny protection for citizens and worse n the situation in the country.Further gun controls does not necessarily reduce crime rates. In many states of America, there have been statistics to show that stricter gun controls did not actually reduce crime rates. According to von von Mauser (2007), some states in USA have adoptive further gun controls due to the highratesof violent crimes, but the situation did not improve. But in most states, gun- think gains were low in spite of relaxed gun controls. This signifies that of the states with high gun obstinacys and nearly no gun controls have fewer gun related murders. This is the actual situation in many states of America whereby states with looser gun controls have lower crime rates, as tell by Mauser (2007), murder rates in handgun-banning US cities including New York, Chicago, and Washington, DC are far high than in states like Pennsylvania and Connecticut, where handguns are legal and widely owned. (p. 26). This does not mean that looser gun controls leave reduce crim e but shows that further gun control certainly do not aid in reducing crime.Denying protection for honest citizens. Through the years of gun control policies, the citizens of the United States have adopted a great deal of self-defensive use of guns, which creates this socio-cultural phenomenon for crime doers to count on double before they rob mortals houses. This is supported by pro-gun activists belief that leads them to the foe conclusion, where the widespread firearm ownership reduces violence by deterring criminals from confrontation crimes. (Kates, Mauser, 2007). body political Institute of justice surveys among prison inmates find that large percentages of report that their timidity that a victim might be armed deterred them from confrontation crimes. The felons most frightened about confronting an armed victim were those from states with the greatest relative number of privately owned firearms. Conversely, robbery is highest in states that most restrict gun ownership.Thi s substantiates that such phenomenon is dictatorial in the case for USA, where many own guns for their self-protection, and it is a proven fact that it deters criminal activities, making the perpetrator think twice before locateting. With further gun controls, honest citizens go out be robbed of the ways for self-defense, with no absolute way to deal with criminals and felons. Mauser (2007) notes that forbiddings on guns are hardly productive as lawbreakers managed to obtain firearms eventhough they are of a lower supply.This means that with stricter gun controls, it will most seeming result in only restricting honest citizens to purchase guns for protection, and criminals will get regain to guns disregarding.Real Causes of CrimesThe battlefront or absence of a gun does not affect the probability that a crime will be committed. According to Hoskin (2011), criminals will be able to use weapons opposite than firearms to commit crime and attain their negative objective, as th e missing presence of firearms do not mean that crimes involving guns are easily evaded. Possession of guns does not necessarily be the factor for the cause of crimes, and there are many other factors to consider.Gun ownership and control generally has no effect on how much crimes involving violence a society has. Mauser (2007) found out that the main determinant of crimes relies on economic and socio-cultural factors, not scarce with the obtainability of weapons such as guns. Banning of guns is seen by many as a quick fix for the rise of crime rates in the country, however, it only disarms the law-abiding and yet are ignored by the criminals. There are other causes that lead to the committing of crimes, with no concerns to ownership or presence of guns.Unemployment rangeThere are fewer crimes committed in a immutable and vibrant economy as compared to a shaky and ambiguous economy. Unemployment rates are correlated to crime rates to a certain degree. The fillip for committing crimes will be reduced when the labour market is in fit condition. Mocan and Bali (2010) mentions that the impact of an increased unemployment rate will overpower the impact of a decreasing crime rate due to stronger gun controls. The unemployed are motivated to commit crimes, to gain wealth or just plainly to vent their frustrations for their shortcomings.InequalitiesInequalities are imminent in any current twenty-four hours society. The inequalities levels of wealth, social and power status, education, family instability and racial differences are the factors which contribute to crimes be committed. With greater inequality, there will be more frustration and high strain, thus, greater inducement to commit crimes. When being placed next to wad with greater success and high income, those with lesser success and lower income will feel frustrated at their situation. According to Hoskin (2011), power is a nonoperational property derived from ones position in the stratificatio n system, but situational resources like the self-control of a firearm can give one power over others (p. 126). The more disadvantaged members of the society will have higher disposition to commit crimes, to earn that bit over power over those with greater power in the society.Statistics on the Effects of Gun Control in America and Other CountriesCountries such as the Soviet Union and Russia has had exceedingly stringent gun controls which were successful in disarming its people of guns, and rattling few murders were associated with guns in the past. However, the Soviet Unions and Russias rate of murder is still a few multiplication higher than USA due to the substitutes of guns as weapons. Kates and Mauser (2007) points out that in places where the handiness of guns are uncommon, other potential weapons will be used as an alternative for murder. Table 1 shows the other developed countries including Germany, France and Demark) with high gun ownership but with murder rates a s low as many other developed nations which has lesser gun ownership.Despite having looser gun control than the other countries, the crime rates in USA caused by guns is not as high as the other countries with fewer civilian gun ownership. The thesis of more guns, more murder is not supported in the study done in Mauser (2007).In Table 2, it shows the gun ownership rates and homicide rates in Canada, USA and Mexico. Mexico, where gun ownership rates is nine propagation lesser than USA, has more than twice the amount of homicides as compared. Therefore, stricter gun controls on the civilians does not necessarily mean lesser crimes. Kates and Mauser (2007) concluded that law-abiding and responsible citizens who are in possession of guns will not use it unnecessarily for committing crimes, but the same cannot be applied to dangerous individuals with screen background of crimes and violence. Anyone who wants to commit a crime will unquestionably find a way to obtain any dangerous weap on for such an act.Proposed succeeding(a) Gun control Policy in the United StatesWith recent incidents such as mass shootings in schools and public areas, many have called for reforms in the gun control policies in the country. After his reinstatement as the president, President Obama hypothesize a plan to better control the possession of firearms in the United States. He in addition focuses on tackling the root of the problem, by permitting larger access to mental health services through higher financing for insurance coverage particularly for younger people. Proposed actions include stricter background checks on all gun sales, and ensuring a strong ban on assault weapons that would not commonly fit as weapons for self-defense. Better funding for emergency response plans for schools in America will be provided, to allow citizens to better act in times of similar crisis. If the proposals are accepted and initialized, it will better protect honest citizens and prevent dangerous individuals from purchasing such weapons to a higher degree.Counter ArgumentTo a certain extent, the limiting effects of gun control and presence of guns do attention in reducing the possibility of crimes conducted with guns. The presence of guns empowers and corrupts ones judgment in situations, and the improper locking and storing of guns may provide un penized individuals an opportunity to use guns to their someoneal gain.Presence of GunsGuns may go on violence by emboldening and empowering an aggressor. A gun may provide one with the control and the nerve to perform a violent act that would not be possible then, a phenomenon known as facilitation. (Hoskin, 2011). With a gun in their control, one will be more susceptible to committing crimes with a weapon that creates fear in their hands. It will absolutely motivate them to commit the crime that he or she will not be able to do without the enabling factor of guns.Gun Access and its Impact on JuvenilesIn the United States, the re are some gun control advocates who strongly believe that youth access to guns are the primary cause of school massacres, incidents that highly show the need for better gun coordination in the countries. Kleck (2009) mentions that gun possessors are relatively at fault for easy gun accessibility to youths, especially parents, if they do not hide and lock up their guns properly to deny easy access. There must be better controls set in place to prevent un sourceized access to guns, regardless to youth or other people. Ludwig (2005) acknowledges the benefits of proper security of guns as it avoids unapproved access and thus, might lessen crimes that are committed with guns. This can greatly help avert violence or even make incidents less lethal by keeping guns locked up.The availableness of gun may prompt juveniles into use them for the wrong reasons. Guns being easily available are related to the relish of crimes being committed. Mocan and Tekin (2006) found that youths who have better accessibility to guns are more inclined to commit crimes than those who do not have access to guns. It acknowledges the point whereby juvenile criminal behaviour will be affected by having an ease of obtainability of guns at home.RebuttalNegative Influence of Gun Control and the Crimes They EncourageInstead of banning guns for all the citizens of the United States, the country should quite continue the ban on certain categories of people. This is such as the prohibition of guns for vicious convicts, youths and the insane present in both American and Canadian laws, however, such regulations are tough to administer. (Mauser, 2007). With a list of high-risk individuals and having the specify causationities to monitor them, it will disarm those that are deemed dangerous with a gun, and not citizens who merely want to defend themselves.Presence of Guns do not Promote ViolenceThe presence of guns do not necessary bring a law-abiding citizen into a murder due to a moment of rage , and there are many other factors that actually contribute to the usage of guns. Kates and Mauser (2007) discuss that possibly all types of perpetrators or murderers are not ordinary citizens that abide to the law, and most of the killers are immensely deviant people with a history of violence tendencies, psychopathology, drugs exploitation and other hazardous conducts. The possession of a gun will definitely not turn someone of logical thinking and mind into a murderer.Conclusion and Future champaignThis paper had discussed the banning of guns and its impact on crime rates in America. A stricter gun control program will not necessarily reduce crime rates, as there are many other causes that lead to crimes in the country. Instead, a further restriction in guns will only deny law-abiding citizens from their best way of self-defense. Statistics in the paper have proven that higher gun ownership has no correlativity to the number of crimes committed and stricter gun controls does ha ve more negative impacts than positive bearings.Instead of just banning guns as an attempt to lower crime rates in the country, other possible ways of reducing crime ways should be considered and further developed on. Stricter gun control policies will have both positive and negative impacts, and there is a need for more research and evidence to obtain a more correct result if further control policies are beneficial in the long run. The blaming of current gun control regulations for the worsening of crimes control in the country is not absolute. It is important to research and examine the true causes of rising crime rates in America, before deciding on altering current gun control laws which may be unavailing.Annotated BibliographyKates, D. B., Mauser, G. (2007). Would banning guns reduce murder and suicide? A Review of external and Some Domestic Evidence, 30, 649-694. Retrieved from http//home.heinonline.orgKates and Mauser discuss whether the banning of guns will reduce murder a nd suicide cases. It shows several examples of countries, such as Russia and England where stricter gun controls does not lead to lower crime rates, but does the latter. However in the United States, where a more piano gun control policy is in play, crime rates are significantly lower as compared to Russia and England. The reason summarizes and uses statistics and other data to show the co-relation of possession of guns and crime rates.The authors state that the use of guns for self-defence purposes are higher than the use of guns for committing crimes. Therefore, there is a direct relation of gun ownership and lower crime rates, especially in the case of United States where gun ownership for self-defence is a considerable socio-cultural occurrence. Defensive gun ownership deters criminals from committing crimes as citizens of United States have a right to defend themselves with the use of guns when threatened. This word will be utilitarian in our research paper as it agrees with our dissent on the topic, and show that gun ownership can do more good than harm.Mauser, G. (2007). Some international evidence on gun bans and murder rates.Fraser Forum, 5, 23-27. Retrieved from http//ezproxy.library.unlv.edu/login?universal resource locator=http//search.proquest.com/docview/229332019?accountid=3611The author analysed data from United Nation studies to inspect the association between gun ownership and homicide and suicide rates. The author found that in the United States, the thesis of more guns relates to more murders is not supported. As stated in the term, the murder rate among the African-Americans is six times more than among the others, even having the lower density of the total population owning guns. The author states that the association of high gun ownership is not directly related to homicide rates. According to the clause, a law abiding citizen or a criminal-minded person having gun ownership provided the crucial factor to the link between gun owners hip and murder rates. This can be specifically used in our bind to explain that crimes can be conducted even without the possession of a gun, and law-abiding citizens should not be denied of their right to own a gun for self-defence.Kleck, G. (2009). American behavioral scientist. The worse possible case for gun control, 52(10), 1447-1464. inside10.1177/0002764209332557This word discusses about the mass shooting cases happening in schools and the lesson learnt from it. The author states that the gun control measures proposed after such aftermath were highly contrasted and could not have prevented the incidents or even reduced the death tolls. The article explains the avenues whereby citizens of the United States can obtain guns, and suggests possible methods of improving the gun control measures imposed. Statistics to show the effectiveness of such improved measure are shown. This article is very useful to support our stating that the banning of guns will not necessary lower crim e from happening.Mocan, H. N., Bali, T. G. (2010). Asymmetric crime cycles.The Review of Economics and Statistics, 92(4), 899-911. inside 10.1162/REST_a_00048This article presented the evidence of the linkage between unemployment and crimes. The authors explore the possibilities concerning people being unemployed and the fluctuations of the crimes committed in the periods of economic expansion and recession. This journal article will be helpful in our research paper as it states that the actual reason for crimes is a shaky economic and unemployment.Moorhouse, J. C., Wanner, B. (2006). Does gun control reduce crime or does crime increase gun control. Cato Journal, 26(1), 103-124. Retrieved from http//ezproxy.library.unlv.edu/login?url=http//search.proquest.com/docview/195598468?accountid=3611This article discusses about whether gun control reduces crimes or if it is the other way round. The author look ats the true meaning of gun control, and the degree of gun control required to make it actually effective. Statistics and tables are included to show if gun control affect crime rates the following year. To compare, statistics showing if crime rates affect the severity of gun control are included as well. The results failed to show a negative relationship between gun control and crime rates, and therefore assuming that gun control is ineffective to a certain degree. This article will be quite useful in our stand against stricter gun controls which leads to higher crime rates.Pressman, S. (2008). Expanding the boundaries of the economics of crime.International Journal of Political Economy,37(1), 80-80. doi10.2753/IJP0891-1916370104This passage of the article discusses about gun control and the statistics and the number of gun-related deaths each year. Via the economic analysis, it represented the worst case scenarios if guns are made illegal, which will indefinitely lead to a melanise market for guns. It argues that the lower in supply of guns does not affect the remove for it, where the high prices of guns does not deter purchases. This will only result in higher success for criminal activities, as gun control takes off the protection for law-abiding citizens. This is slightly useful in our case as the information is reliable, and supports our argument with regards to the looser gun control and lower crime rates.Hoskin, A. (2011). planetary house gun prevalence and rates of violent crime a test of competing gun theories. Criminal Justice Studies A Critical Journal of Crime, Law and Society,24(1), 125-136. doi10.1080/1478601X.2011.544445This article provides statistical data and comparisons of the topic of guns and crime rates. The author mentioned that the possession of guns will not increase the crime rates it will deter the crimes from happening in the point of victims being able to defend themselves if they do possess a gun as well. In the case of the attacker possessing the gun, the author mentioned the lowered probability of the victim being able to flee when being attacked by a shooter. The author also stated that having a gun gives the attacker the courage to commit crimes that they may not have the guts to do when without a gun. The author pointed out that the possession of guns does not increase crime rates it only aggravates the degree of assault on the victims. This article will be helpful in our stand which is against the motion that higher gun ownership is related to higher crime rates.Ludwig, J. (2005). Better gun enforcement, less crime. Criminology Public Policy, 4(4), 677-716. doi10.1111/j.1745-9133.2005.00352.xThis journal article discusses about the major federal initiative to combat gun violence via reducing gun availability and its modest impact on gun crime. It discusses about Project Safe Neighbourhoods (PSN), and explains its effectiveness on the reduction of gun crimes. The author shows evidence in how to better improve PSN by targeting at the demand rather than the supply side of the gun market. However, this source may be biased to the idea of having a better law enforcement will lower crimes, by focusing on how to improve the current initiative. This article may not be as useful as others, but it can be used to show a different opinion of how better gun control will lead to lower crimes.Mocan, H. N., Tekin, E. (2006). Guns and juvenile crime. Journal of Law and Economics, 42(2), 507-531. doi10.1086/508330This article discusses about the relation of availability of guns and the juvenile crime rates. The article offered an investigation on the effect of gun availability at home on crime done by juveniles, such as robbery, burglary, theft, and property damage. The authors specified that the easy gun availability at home is directly related to the tendency to commit crime. However, the authors also found that there is no claim that better gun availability lowers the inclination of being subjected to crime. This source helps us in our research paper, however, it o nly focuses on juveniles, and will not be as effective to debate on the citizens of United States as a whole.

Haimon in Antigone

Haimon in AntigoneSophocles Antigone tells a beautiful story of a woman who fights for her brother, Polynices, to be buried after her uncle and King, Creon, has declared that Polynices body will remain unburied for his blasphemy towards the farming. For the culture this is dishonorable. Disobeying her uncle, Antigone goes ahead and buries her brother with depleted consequences. As characters are introduced to the plot, their purposes are clear, yet one character whitethorn concentrate ambiguous in purpose Antigones fianc Haimon for instance. But Haimon plays a very(prenominal) crucial role within the play, both conveying the true feelings of state and sympathizing with Antigones cause.Haimon as heir to the throne of Thebes remains very close with his father, but as fianc to Antigone, Haimon is torn as to advise his father whom he holds high. hence Haimons advisement starts timid I cannot study father that you film reasoned badly. except there are men who can reason too and t heir sight might be helpful. Haimons clear drive to change his fathers mind is exhibited upon his outset entrance in the play. You are not positioned to know everything says Haimon, for his father has stubbornly sentenced Antigone to be stoned to death, but Haimon is stern to tell of the countrys feelings towards the matter. I have heard them muttering and whispering in the dark about Antigone. They say no woman has ever, so unreasonably, died so shameful a death for a generous actthis is the way they talk out there in the city. Haimon clearly informs his father of the peoples disapproval of the Kings actions.Haimon serves as the only person to stalling up to Creon. Clearly no resolution is brought about after the deuce have quarreled. But Haimon does in fact have a elfin effect on Creon, for Antigones sentence is changed for a much less take down one. Haimons presence is the only firm stand against Creons through the entire play. And this stand roots guilt within Creon that serves as motivation for the character.The final still hunt is pulled as the prophet Teiresias comes to Creon announcing his similar distaste, and bears a prophecy of tragedy. Creon is in conclusion swayed to move back his horrible sentence but is too late, Antigone has killed herself, Haimon has killed himself, and Creons wife of the news kills herself. Everyone somewhat Creon who had shared loved for one another have passed. And Haimons purpose is finally clear and digested.

Definitions And Theories of Teamwork

Definitions And Theories of Team produceDefinition base gluiness is a dynamic answer which is reflected in the tendency for a theme to stick unneurotic and bide coupled in the pursuit of its name and addresss.St historic periods of farmmentThere atomic number 18 quadruple stages of break dancement a group will go with and the time it takes to go done each stage is variable. These stages arFormingStormingNormingperformingFormingThis is when e actuallybody meets for the first time and starts to get to k in a flash each former(a). This stage r place(a) out be used to test whether or non the aggroup stinkpot gel unneurotic properly or non. In a aggroup postal service the coach may use small games or strategies to watch the ice amidst the re un manikinding group members. This behind in any case be explained as the stage where new aggroup mates get together for the first time in search of a harsh goal or clear.StormingIn this stage each individual is fight ing for in that respect place in the squad whence it back tooth be a stage of very intense intergroup competition. This intense competition may embarrass rebellion against the drawing card, conflict mingled with individuals or resistance to the way the police squad is being developed or managed and the tactics that atomic number 18 being adopted.NormingThe turn tailers now begin to realise that they be all in that location aiming for the same goals and wherefore both agree on a way of acquiring on in order to procure these goals or they leave the group. Now the group starts to cooperate and work together to reach their common goals. The group now pulls together and the roles are accomplished and survive more(prenominal) stable.PerformingThis is the stage where the relationship between the players is headspring established and they all pull together with the aim to achieve their common goals. Issues of leadinghip and strategies are well established and agreed upo n. When a new player joins the group a new stage of storming and norming will occur and the new players will either be accepted or rejected. This refreshing of the aggroup finish be a reliable shake up as it prevents the team from going stale. fortunate teams seem to be cometled and take in 2 or one-third new players a year to keep the team fresh entirely the introduction of too many players assign collapse the team and change the nature of the group completely.A devout example of this is Manchester united in the 1990s where an influx of youngsters came up through the youth teams and the militia to the first team. They had already been through the norming stage at that placefore they knew what norms were expected of them, this is wherefore they achieved so much so quickly. They brought in dickens or tether players each year to keep the team fresh and to help develop the team. The team started to decline in 2001/02 when they signed Juan Sebastian Veron as he was seen to disrupt the group dynamics and reduce the teams effectiveness.Social/task coherencyIn sport variant teams may have different skill levels therefore team stickyness may be the difference between two teams that might mak the difference between winning and losing. There are two oddballsetters cases of cohesiveness.Social ropinessTask visciditySocial coherence can be defined as a general orientation towards exploitation and maintaining affable relationships within a group.(Carron, Widmeyer, Brawley, 1985)Task coherency can be defined as a general orientation towards achieving a groups goals and objectives.(Carron, Widmeyer, Brawley, 1985)In sports coaches and players, coaches in situation, should be more concerned with task gumminess than with social glueyness. An join on in task cohesiveness can help lead to advantage. This can be achieved by setting goals. This goal setting can play a major role in the development of the teams task cohesion and it will lead to t he development of the players skills. Success is to a fault primary(prenominal) in the accomplishment of team cohesion. This mastery doesnt have to be winning it can also come in the form of achieving goals that have been set by the team. Goals can help significantly in the development of task cohesion. A swell example of a team that has good task cohesion but no social cohesion is the New York Yankees team of the mid-seventies when they were constantly bickering but they still went on to win the ground series several times.The more triumph a team experiences, the luxuriously-pitched the cohesion.(Bird, 1977 Carron, 1982).http//www.fcbarcelona.com/imagenes/jugadores/futbol/Partidos/Liga-2005-06/Betis-FCB/240905_CronikaAlegria.jpgCarron (1982, 1988) role influence of cohesionAlbert Carron came up with a system for guinea piging cohesion within sport. This system lookings at four areasEnvironmental ain leadingTeam factorsEnvironmentalThis refers to the normal factors which hold a team together eg contracts and scholarships. Other factors include age and geographic closeness. Having team members of the same age living in the same area increases the opportunities for interaction and communication between the group. The size of the group will also affect cohesion because of the manufacturing of cliques. littler groups always tend to be more cohesive than larger groups.PersonalThis is in relation to each person within the group there are major differences between each individual in the group. Carron has cut off personal factors into 3 separate groupsDemographic attributes eg genderCognitions and motives eg anxiety demeanor eg ability to fol woeful rules attractershipThis refers to the drawing cards and deportment. The role of loss attractions is important in team cohesion in offering communication towards team goals. Another factor is the relationship between the team and the coach as a good relationship will ensure a more cohesive group.TeamThis in cludes desire for group success, group roles, group sit and team stability. Carron believed that the longer a team have together and also have a desire for success show higher levels of cohesion. shared experiences of success or failure are also essential in developing cohesion within the group, as it brings the team closer together. sit of CohesionCohesion and performance, what comes first?There have been numerous studies exhibit that there is a relationship between team cohesiveness and success. The unwrap the team the more cohesive the team. What interrogation has not shown whether or not these prosperous teams performed well because of the cohesiveness of the team or is the team cohesive because they have shared the experiences of winning. Both of these explanations may be correct. S later(prenominal) and Sewell (1994) heedful team cohesion in sixty university level hockey players representing common chord male and three female teams, early, midway and at the end of the season. This research has shown that early success resulted in late cohesion and early success resulted in late success. Slater and Sewell (1994) reason out that while early success connect to later cohesiveness, the stronger relationship was between early cohesiveness and later success. They proposed that cohesiveness and success were mutually dependant.High cohesiveness Greater success Higher cohesivenessLow cohesiveness Less success rase cohesivenessAs you can see from the above model, the cohesiveness of a team early on in the season affects the success of the team which in turn affects the cohesiveness of the team later in the season. This study shows why one of the main priorities of a coach is to develop a highly cohesive team.Team cohesion is shown to be related to a teams success on the field. Although many studies have found that a teams cohesion was related to is bombersequent performance, many other studies found that team cohesion had very little to do with how succ essful the team became. Success is related to the symbol of cohesion that exists within the team. More specifically, if your team has a high level of task cohesion, meaning that they play well together and lodge united in the pursuit of the teams goals, then they are more probable to enjoy success. On the other hand, having a high amount of social cohesion, meaning that the team members are good friends and that they enjoy each others company, elbow room very little in the way of predicting your teams performance. It has even been found that teams who are high in social cohesion play worse as a team. The key is not necessarily that your team members like each other, but that they are united in their efforts to achieve the team goals set forth at the beginning of the season.Higher levels of team (task) cohesion see to be related to team success as the season progresses, and as the team becomes more successful, the degree of team cohesion appears to increase as well. Some might s ay the relationship between team cohesion and team success is a circular system. As team cohesion improves, so does the teams performance, and as the teams performance improves, it becomes more and more cohesive.It also appears that the consociate between a teams performance and its subsequent cohesion is stronger than the link between the teams initial cohesion and their performance early on in the season.The answer, consort to previous studies in sport psychology, to the question whether performance or cohesion comes first, is both.http//www.baseballnews.com/features/teamchemistry.htmBuilding an effective team and developing cohesivenessTeam cohesion is shown to be one of the most important factors in a successful team therefore is of vital importance that the coach encourages team cohesion, especially in societies such as Britain and the USA where people can be very self centred and dont care about the team. Coaches therefore figure out strategies to bring the team together, th is is known as team building. Carron et al. (1997) came up with the pursuit steps for team building.Each player should be acquainted with the responsibilities of the other team members.As coach, learn something personal about each team member and use it to gain cooperation.Gain pride in the sub teams within larger teams e.g. the defenceInvolve players in end devising to make them feel the team belongs to them.Set the team goals and celebrate when they are attained.Teach each team member their responsibilities and convince them of their individual importance. chuck up the sponge team members to have disagreements.Prevent the formation of cliques within the team, by openhanded every member opportunities to perform and avoiding scapegoating.Use routines in practice designed to teach team members how dependant they are on each other. cozy up the positive aspects of play, even when the team is on a losing streak.Leadership in sportDefinition leading can be defined as the behavioural process of influencing individuals and groups towards set goals.(Barrow, 1997)Trait possible action of leading wee research on leadership was based on the psychological centralize of the day, which was of people having inherited characteristics or traits. Attention was therefrom put on discovering these traits, often by studying successful leaders, but with the underlying effrontery that if other people could also be found with these traits, then they, too, could also become big leaders.In the 1920s researchers tried to show that characteristics were common to all leaders therefore to be a good leader you had to have these qualities inbuilt when you are born. This means that a person who is a good leader in one situation is a good leader in any situation.McCall and Lombardo (1983) researched both success and failure determine four primary traits by which leaders could succeed or jumpstartEmotional stability and composure Calm, confident and predictable, oddly when under st ress.Admitting erroneous belief Owning up to mistakes, preferably than putting energy into covering up.Good interpersonal skills Sble to communicate and persuade others without resort to negative or coercive tactics. bright breadth Able to under support a wide range of areas, rather than having a narrow (and narrow-minded) area of expertise.McCall and Lombardo (1983)Stogdill (1974) identified the following traits and skills as scathing to leaders.SkillsAdaptable to situationsAlert to social surroundAmbitious and achievement-orientatedAssertive accommodativeDecisiveDependableDominant (desire to influence others)Energetic (high activity level) indomitableSelf-confidentTolerant of stressWilling to assume responsibility happy (intelligent)Conceptually skilledCreativeDiplomatic and tactfulFluent in speakingKnowledgeable about group taskOrganised (administrative ability) glib-tonguedSocially skilledKirkpatrick and Locke (1991) identified eight characteristics which are associated with successful leadership. They are drive, honesty, motivation to lead, self-confidence, intelligence, expertise in the purpose of the group, creativity and flexibility. Kirkpatrick and Locke then concluded that inspirational leaders do not learn to be great men or women by being intellectual geniuses or omniscient prophets but they do need to have the right gouge and this stuff isnt equally present in all peopleKirkpatrick and Locke (1991)Behavioural theoryThis theory states that anybody can be a good leader by learning the behaviour of an effective leader therefore this theory says that the qualities of a good leader can be learned and developed through training and experience, contradictory to the trait theory this one is saying that good leaders are made and not born.As early researchers ran out of information in their research in personal traits of leaders, they turned to what leaders did, how they behaved and especially towards their followers. They moved from leaders to leaders hip and this became the dominant way of come up leadership in the 1950s and early 1960s. Different patterns of behaviour were sort together and labelled as drifts. A variety of schemes appeared, designed to get wind and develop peoples air of working. Despite different names for these schemes, the basic ideas were very similar. The four main modal values that appear are disquiet for task. Here leaders put emphasis on the achievement of concrete objectives (achievement of goals). They look for high levels of productivity, and ways to organize people and activities in order to meet those objectives. Concern for people. In this style, leaders look upon their followers as people and can identify their needs, interests, problems, development and so on and be able to work around these to get the best out of them. They are not only when units of production or means to an end. Directive leadership. This style is characterized by leaders making decisions for others and expecting follo wers to follow instructions, such as a team captain on the pitch giving instructions to the rest of the players on the field. Participative leadership. Here leaders try to share decision-making with the rest of the players but when the need arises that a decision has to be made quickly then his tutelage turns back to directive leadership.Many of the early researchers that looked to participative and people-centred leadership argued that it brought about greater satisfaction amongst followers. However, as Sadler (1997) reports, when researchers really got to work on this it didnt seem to stand up. There were lots of differences and inconsistencies between studies. It was difficult to say style of leadership was significant in enabling one group to work reveal than another. The main problem may have been one shared with those who looked for traits. The researchers did not look properly at the context or setting which the style was used in. Is it possible that the same style would w ork as well in a group of friends? The styles that leaders can adopt are far more affected by those they are working with, and the environment they are working within, than had been originally thought.Interactional plan of attackThe synergistic get on looks at the interaction between the person and the situation rather than the disposition of the leader. This approach stresses the following pointsEffective leaders cant be predicted exclusively on personality.Effective leadership fits specific situations, as some leaders function better in certain circumstances than others.Leadership style needs to change to suit the situationA good example of the way this theory works is relationship orientated leaders develop interpersonal relationships, provide god communication and ensure everyone is feeling good within the group. However, task orientated leaders are concerned with getting the work done and meeting objectives.Stafford Browne et el. (2003)Critics argued that the continued fo cus on the leader, rather than the situation where leadership takes place, provided a limited view of leadership. This is why an interactional approach to leadership was developed. This took into account the leader, the situation at the time, the grapheme of people who are being led and the interaction between them. This interactional approach is examined in the work of both Fiedler and Chelladurai.Fred E. Fiedlers contingency theory says that there is no best way for managers to lead. Situations will create different leadership style requirements for a manager. The solution to a managerial situation is dependent on the factors that are imposed on the situation. E.g. a coach may have to act on a situation such as player getting injured. He/she must get the suitable replacement. This is not planned it is an unexpected situation that has arisen and must be dealt with.(Woods 2001)Fiedlers Contingency modelFiedlers model assumes that group performance depends onLeadership style, descr ibed in terms of task motivation and relationship motivation.Situational favourableness, determined by three factors1. Leader-member relations Degree to which a leader is accepted and supported by the group members.2. Task structure Extent to which the task is structured and defined, with square away goals and procedures.3. Position power The ability of a leader to control subordinates through reward and punishment.High levels of these three factors give the most favourable situation, low levels, the least favourable. Relationship-motivated leaders are most effective in passably favourable situations. Task-motivated leaders are most effective at either end of the scale.Fiedler suggests that it may be easier for leaders to change their situation to achieve effectiveness, rather than change their leadership style.A good example of this approach was with Brian Mc Eniff when he won the 1992 All Ireland final with Donegal but has failed to do so since with rows in the camp between m entors and players. The leader was powerful but the relationship wasnt warm therefore pressure took its toll and he had to resign. three-dimensional model of sport leadershipIn 1978 Chelladurai proposed a multidimensional model of leadership developed on the basis of leadership theories and their effectiveness. Performance outcomes and satisfaction could be achieved by effective leader behaviours. This means that if things arent going particularly well the leader must stand and be counted and motivate his players to succeed. In this case the coach has to be able to change his leadership style to suit the situation.This model says that if a leader behaves appropriately for the particular situation and these behaviours match the preferences of the group then they will achieve their goals.The modelAntecedents Leader behaviour Consequences4. required behaviour1. situational characteristics7. performance satisfaction5. actual behaviour2. leader characteristics6. preferred behaviour3. mem ber characteristicsSituational characteristicsThe characteristics of the situation the group is in such as size, type of sport or winning or losing,Leader characteristicsThe personal qualities of the leader such as confidence, intelligence, assertiveness and self-motivation. ingredient characteristicsThe different personalities of different types of athletes such as age, gender, ability and experience.Required behaviourThe type of characteristics required from a leader in a particular situation. For example if a team is losing with 5mins to go, is it better for the leader to make the decision himself or discuss it with the group?Actual behaviourThis is the behaviour the leader actually displaysPreferred behaviourThe preferred leadership of the team depending on the situation.Performance satisfactionThis is the extent to which the team is satisfied with the performance of the group under this leader.A good example of this approach was with Brian Kerr when he was in charge of the Iris h soccer team. He had a mix of different approaches between autocratic and democratic. Normally he was democratic with his more elder players making decisions and enforcing leadership. When things werent going to plan though he stepped in as the autocratic leader to set things right again.Leadership stylesThere are a number of different leadership styles that I will look at, some more successful than others. The different types of leader are tyrannous authoritarianDemocratic leadershipLaissez faireAutocratic authoritarianThis type of leader dictates to the group, he doesnt ask for advice, comments or ideas from the group. He is the one who makes all of the decisions. This leadership style has advantages and disadvantages. The advantages are that the members of the group can be directed towards purpose-made actions even when stressed and exhausted. The disadvantage is that wise group members do not have the chance to input useful information into the group and thus they may find it difficult to motivate themselves.Democratic leadershipThis type of leadership encourages the involvement of the whole group as individuals and as a group. Participants are encouraged to give feedback, ideas and to help make decisions. If the group leader were to be absent then the group would be efficient teeming to continue what they were doing on their own. The bad side of this style is that it can cause trouble when decisions need to be made quickly in an emergency. This type of leadership is usually the most successful.Laissez faireThis style of leadership encourages group independence in the sense that the group makes their own decisions, the leader only gets multiform when the group gets into difficulties or in cases of emergency. Lewin (1939) found that this type of group tended to become more aggressive with each other when things went wrong. Leaders in this type of group often fail to motivate the members of the group and fail to deal with a crisis.

Violence And Fear Created By Gangs Criminology Essay

Violence And Fear Created By syndicates Criminology EssayThe shape clustering has in dormanted awe in communities and vicinitys for decades. This fear is created by the frenzy exhibited by prison, channel and wheel syndicates. The media shows and tells the public t assume no champion is safe and any star at anytime could work a victim in the junto wars. This portrayal in the media causes p arnts, neighborhoods and communities to omit down in the fight a put angiotensin-converting enzyme(a) e verywherest juntos. Gangs argon able to survive and expound off of this fear created non only by their put to workions simply by the media as sanitaryspring. K instantlyledge is power in the fight against gangs as well as the pr razetion of penisship. Should we be as concerned as this fear has lead us to be?Gangs Should We Be Concerned?A gang is defined as a group of individuals that work or accomplish custodyt together, breachicularly condemnables or juvenile delinque nts (Agnes, 2003, p.268). A gangster is defined as a element of a gang (Agnes, 2003, p.268). The term gangster was eldest employ in the 1890s to label the loot thugs who used violence and new(prenominal) unlawful methods to make sure their favo solemnity beardidates for political stain were elected ( pitch- blackenwood, 2002). The period that is near associated with gangsters is the 1920s. This is the period that the term gangster was used to in addition intromit iniquitouss such as bootleggers, kidnappers, bank robbers, extortionists and hit men. The term has maintained best-selling(predicate)ity oer the years and is still used to label members of a gang.Gangs in the 1920s and gangs now argon similar in that twain gained discover of an illegal grocery store. The liquor trade was controlled in the 1920s during banning and the drug trade is before long controlled by gangs (Blackwood, 2002). This control of an illegal market also brings arrests, violence, weapons an d bullion. Being a part of a gang and so was about making money and to xx-four hours that is still the goal. Money, however, is just one factor in the desire to be bang a gangster.Gangs organize in advance the 1980s fit the traditional definition of a gang. These gangs began defending turf, however, grew into bounteous organizations that became heavily involved in the drug trade and separate barbarous legal action. Fists, chains and knives that were used in earlier gangs were replaced with automatic firearms and drive by shootings. The average size of a traditional gang is one light speed and eighty members and has distinct structure and organization (Sonder, 1996).Many cities such as Washington, D.C. and Philadelphia rush a few of the larger unionised gangs and in time to a greater ex 10t of the loosely organized gangs. These gangs be considered neighborhood gangs. The newer, sm onlyer gangs grittytail it to be less involved with drugs and violence. These sm each(p renominal)er gangs be more diverse and tend to stick white, female, and compensate middle class members. roughly of these gangs restrain make up similar to the nation every last(predicate)y cognize gangs and participate in graffiti, etc. but whitethorn not be overly reddened or heavily involved in drug sales. Pargonnts, police, and the community still make to be vigilant in combating these gangs as on that rouse is a possibility of more violence and brutal activity over time (Barbour, 2006).The statistics that back up the gang problem ar eye opening. on that point were over 20 one atomic number 19 gangs identifiedin the United States and over septette hundred xxx one grounds gang members identified in 2002. In that same year, one thousand 2 hundred and thirty two homicides were attributed to gang activity (Barbour, 2006).The ethnic make-up of gang members is diverse. forty nine per centum atomic number 18 Latino, thirty four be black, ten percent ar white, six percent atomic number 18 Asian, and one percent is other (Barbour, 2006). in that respect argon more Latino gangs, which include Hispanic, collectible to immigration, the need for fast money and the perception that at that place is a need for protection from other gangs.Gang experts advise thither atomic number 18 multiplex reasons individuals union gangs. These reasons include but are notlimited to equal pressure, self esteem issues, poverty, yearning for excitement, survival, the want to make fast money, gainpower, and attract members of the opposite sex. The main reason an individual joins a gang is to feel a sense of belong and protection (Barbour, 2006).Many juveniles join gangs callable to an unstable family environment that normally provides a sense of belonging and protection. For these juveniles, a gang is their family and serves the purpose of a traditional family (Barbour, 2006). For others, it is a rite of passage to join the same gang as their family memb ers are already in. In the latter home, gangsand the sprightlinessstyle of the gang is simply a modality of life for these juveniles (Barbour, 2006). Juveniles enter the gang early and begin committing horrors immediately.Power and entitlement are other factors that encourage gang rank. Gang members are frequently individuals with tall ambitions who stir a fantasy about making fast money and gaining expensive cars and flashy jewelry (Sonder, 1996). Obtaining these items seems out of reach and would organize excessively long to achieve so gang life seems the only alternative. Committing crime appears to be an easier method to obtain the fantasy of high achievement (Sonder, 1996).Gangs are a contributing factor in juveniles committing violent crimes in some(prenominal) small and large cities. Members of gangs are relocating from urban areas to suburban areas. This move expands the gangs control of drug distribution, money, new members, evading law en metierment and other gang s (National Drug Intelligence, 2009).A believe of delinquent acts in Rochester, NY showed that gang members accounted for sixty eight percent of all violent offenses committed by juveniles. In Denver, a similar select reflected seventy nine percent of all violent offenses were attributed to juveniles that were members of a gang. Gang related homicides involving juveniles has increased by more than cubic decimetre percent check to Professor James Alan Fox, a Northeastern University criminologist (Barbour, 2006, p.17). Those statistics are a government agency of juveniles and gang activity. Law enforcement officials have give notice (of)ed that eighty percent of abominable activity is gang related, involving both juvenile and adult members (National Drug Intelligence, 2009). As far as what type of gang a juvenile or adult becomes a member of depends, as there are several(prenominal) different types of gangs.According to the National Gang Intelligence Center of 2009 there are thr ee types of gangs. There are high centering gangs, prison gangs, and twist ride gangs. Street gangs that operate in multi jurisdictions across the country are a huge threat due to the control of such a large geographical area. Street gangs that commit criminal acts such as violence and drugs are the greatest threat to society. That threat becomes intensified as the street gangs migrate from urban areas to suburban and rural areas. prison house gangs are a major threat due to the control and influence over the street gangs in the community, even from prison.The structure of prison gangs is highly organized and acts as a criminal network within the state and local anesthetic prisons. Members that have been released from prison also assist in the solar day to day operations of the prison gang. Released members largely return to their community and resume archaic gang affiliations. Once old gang affiliations are resumed, themember past recruits street gang members to carry out cr iminal acts for the prison gang. prison house gangs control the distribution of drugs within the prison but also in the community in some cases as well ( come Gangs, n.d.).Outlaw motorcycle gangs are also a public safety threat in the communities where they operate as they take part in various criminal acts, frequently use violence, and counter the efforts of law enforcement. Some of the criminal activity outlaw motorcycle gangs participate in are drug and weapons import as well as violent crime. Outlaw motorcycle gangs are highly organized and structured. There are regulations onmembership, conduct, and even criminal activity. The size of the gang ranges from a single chapter to hundreds of chapters fini missout (National Drug Intelligence, 2009).The close widely know street and prison gangs are the Indo-European labor union, La eme (Mexi ignore Mafia), Latin Kings, gangster Disciples, Texas Syndicate, Crips, Bloods, and MS-13(Mara Salvatrucha). The most widely know outlaw mot orcycle gangs are the Hells Angels and Mongols. Fear is the one thing that all of these gangs have in common. By pose fear into the community, they are controlling it.The Aryan Brotherhood originated in 1967 at the San Quentin Prison in calcium. This gang was originally formed as protection from black prisoners, however, it quickly turned intoa profitable criminal enterp organize. Members have a white supremacist, Neo-Nazi mentality however, have a working relationship with Le-eme (Mexican Mafia). Symbols of the Aryan Brotherhood are Shamrock medic leaves, swastikas, double lightning bolts, initials AB, and the song 666( wrong Prison, 2006). Members have a deep rooted abomination towards blacks and black gangs such as the Crips, Bloods, and Gangster Disciples. A violent act moldiness(prenominal) be committed for initiation Blood in, Blood out). There is also a creed that all members must abide by I will stand by my brother, My brother will comebefore all others, My life is forf eited should I fail my brother, I will honor my brother in peace and war(Inside Prison, 2006). This creed is discernable during criminalprosecutions against members, such as the one in Santa Ana, atomic number 20.In Santa Ana, California one of the largest cobblers last penalty cases was tried and involved four Aryan members. The trial revealed that the Aryan Brotherhood is a ruthless gang that murders anyone that opposes them, even their own members. Two of the members convicted were eligible for the death penaltydue to their part in ensnareing a race war at a Lewisburg, Pennsylvania prison that resulted in the death of two black prisoners. twain members terminate up with life without parole instead of death. The same two members responsible for the race war along with another accomplice also murdered another prisoner in 1989 (Inside Prison, 2006).La eme also cognise as the Mexican Mafia began in California in 1957. The day to day operations are of a paramilitary organizati on structure that includes a president, vice president,lieutenants, sergeants, and generals. Under these high ranking officials, there are soldiers, suppliers and associates.There is a twelve rule opus that must be followed by all members Membership is for life, all members must be prepared to down or be killed for the greater good of the gang, every member must be disciplined and work through with(predicate) weaknesses, never let the gang down, a sponsoring member is pick outly responsible for allactions of the new member and if the member turns out to be a snitch the sponsor must disapprove the new member, when disrespected by any person, all members must eliminate that person, maintain a high level of integrity at all times, never speak of la eme business, each member can extend opinions, each member can organize, arm, and defend la eme, each member has the right to wear la eme tat besides, and the last rule is that la eme isa criminal enterprise and will participate in any and all criminal acts for monetary benefit(Inside prison, 2006). The image of the Mexican Mafia is the national symbol of Mexico, which is both an eagle and a snake on a pass around with flames, along with crossed knives (Inside Prison, 2006). The Mexican Mafia was created as a government agency to gain more freedom over the prison underworld which was controlled by whites. The Italian Mafia was the template for the creation of the Mexican Mafia. Over a short period of time they began to control the narcotic traffic in the California prison system and develop their own trademark (Inside Prison, 2006).The Mexican Mafia has a specific manner in which contract murders are carried out that became their trademark. The mannerinvolves kidnapping, binding, and gagging the victim with duct tape prior to putting bullets into the back of the skull. Thebody is then wrapped in a screening and disposed of in a remote location. This method was demonstrated in the 1997 robbery onWest French Pla ce that did not go as planned. Five individuals were blindfolded and duct taped then breeze several times in the back of the skull (Inside Prison, 2006).Gangster Disciples, also called Black Gangster Disciples was created in the 1960s by David Barksdale, leader of the Gonzanto Disciples and Larry make clean, leader of the domineering Disciples.These two groups combined and formed the Black Gangster Disciples. David Barksdale was the leader and Larry Hoover was certify in command. David Barksdale died in 1972 and Larry Hoover took over (Know Gangs, n.d.).The Black Gangster Disciples use the six pointed star, Star of David, as their symbol. This symbol represents loyalty, understanding, knowledge, wisdom as well as love. Other symbols include an upside down pitchfork and a heart with wings. Members generally tattoo themselves with a top hat with a staff out of the top which is a pitchfork with the numbers three, six and zero along with an upside down cross at the bottom. Clothing may consist of the sports team Oakland Raiders and carry a black, gray-haired or white bandana (Know Gangs, n.d.).The Gangster Disciples can be put in in cities across the United States, however, Chicago is the location of the leaders and there is a strong presence in the Midwest. In the mid mid-nineties a federal task force was formed to investigate the conflict of the Gangster Disciples in multiple murders and drug trafficking. The result of the investigation shew that the gang was making over one hundred million dollars a year in illegal drug sales. Multiple members were convicted and are now serving life sentences (Know Gangs, n.d.).Latin Kings first came about in Chicago in the 1940s. The Latin Kings gang was created by a few Puerto Rican immigrants as a way to defend and protect themselves from racism and prejudice. Their slogan was that they would rise above racism and prejudice and form an organization of Kings. afterward a period of time, the gang became involved in cr iminal activity and even though the first members were Puerto Rican, most members now are Mexican-American. Identifiers include the atomic number 23 point crown, which means represent love, respect, sacrifice, honor and obedience. Colors of the Latin Kings include yellow or gold. The organise of the entire criminal organization is known as the Inca. Latin Kings have chapters also known as sets in states across the country, each reporting to a leader (Know Gangs, n.d.).The gang known as Texas Syndicate originated in the early 1970s at Folsom Prison in California. It was started as a direct result of the formation of other gangs in California prisons. Other gangs, specifically Mexican Mafia and Aryan Brotherhood, were targeting inmates that were Texas natives.The only symbols noted to identify members are tattoos with TS somewhere in the design. Some of these tattoos require intense observation in order to locate the TS. The tattoos are generally located on the back of the right fo rearm, however,have been located on the outside calf area, neck and chest (Inside Prison, 2006). The main criminal activities Texas Syndicate is involved in are drug trafficking, extortion, and internal violent discipline of members. Members in prison havecommunication methods with outside members through smuggled cell phones and coded messages.The Crips were started in 1969 in Los Angelos as a street gang by Raymond Washington and Stanley Tookie Williams. This gang has received the reputation on being extremely violent and aggressive. Stanley Tookie Williams faced the death penalty in San Quentin State Prison on December 13, 2005. He received thedeath penalty after being convicted of murdering four individuals during a robbery by shooting them to death with a shot catalyst in Southern California in 1970. Also, in 1979 Raymond Washington was murdered.The name Crip has different theories as to where the name actually came from. One theory is that a woman from the housing projects fil ed a police report on two teenagers for stealing. One of the teenagers was Raymond Williams. The description of one of the teenagers was crip with a stick meaning a disabled person with a cane. Another theory is that the name came from Crib, from the Baby route gang in the 1960s. The Baby Avenue gang eventually became known as the Avenue Cribs as theywere located in the Central Avenue, Los Angeles area (Inside Prison, 2006).Identifiers of the Crips gang are the change blue, gray, orange, and purple. Handkerchiefs or clothing generally reflect those colors. Other identifiers are the six pointed Star of David, the letter B crossed out as the gang Bloods is their rival. Specific clothing choices can include tennis shoes, ramble suits or sports teams reflecting Los Angeles teams (Know Gangs, n.d.). British Knight tennis shoes are popular due to the B and K which represents Blood Killer. Communication between members is facilitated through spend signs, codes, and graffiti. Although t here is no Constitution for the gang there is a book of knowledge that outlines all rules and regulations for the gang.The Crips gang is involved in criminal activity such as drug sales as well as trafficking, violent robberies and burglaries. Members of the Crips have been located in every metropolis of the United States and even in a few foreign countries. Their aspiration with the Bloods often results in bloodshed and/or murder.The street gang known as Bloods was started in the 1960s. Neighborhood protection and as a force to combat the Crips were reasons the gang was created. Crips were becoming too powerful as they were allying with other street gangs.African American men called each other Bloods in the Vietnam War and that is where the name came from. Identifiers of the gang include a five point star and the color red. Clothing choices tend to be sports teams such as the Chicago Bulls, Philadelphia Phillies, and San Francisco 49ers (Know Gangs, n.d.). The Bloods are similar t o the Crips in that there is no Constitution however, there is a book of knowledge that outlines rules and regulations of the gang.The organizational structure for the Bloods is as follows the first superior, this person is in charge of day today operations of the set and in charge of discipline. The following in charge is the second superior who assists the first superior. The minister of information and defense are next and they areresponsible for giving information and strategies to the Superiors. Head of security handles obtaining weapons for the set. The ascendant officer is in charge of handing down orders per the superiors. Below those officers there is a captain, who gives information to the lieutenant. The lieutenant ensures orders are carried out and soldiers carry out orders.In the early 1980s MS-13, also known as Mara Salvatrucha, was created. After leaving the death squads of El Salvador, a number of Salvadorian immigrants settled in California andcreated MS-13. MS-13 was created as protection against rival Mexican gangs and is one of the most violent gangs in the UnitedStates. This gang is a highly organized, paramilitary one with some members formally belonging to the Salvadorian guerrilla forces. Members are generally heavily tattooed, can be identified by blue and black bandanas as well as specifictattoos of MS-13. Phrases that are specific to Ms-13 are La Mara which means gangs, Salva which means Salvadorian,trucha which means look out, and Eme east southeast which means MS (Gang Awareness, n.d.).The motorcycle gang, Hells Angels, began in Fontana, California in 1948. Hells Angels was a term coined for bomber squadrons in World War I and II. Hells Angels have been linked to criminal activity such as drug trafficking, in particularmeth, assaults, weapon possession, and even murder. The most notorious plot that surrounds this gang are the allegations that they plotted to kill rock star Mick Jagger. Mick Jagger supposedly criticized the Hells Angels after one of its members killed a man at an event in which the gang was in charge of security. The victim pulled a gun and a Hells Angels member stabbed him. All charges were dropped and it was declared self defense (James, 2009). Despite the massive history of theHells Angels, still much is left unknown as what happens at a club meeting, stays there.Hells Angels can be identified by their leather or denim jackets with the red and white winged deaths head ensignia,the letter HAMC (Hells Angels Motorcycle Club), and the number eighty one (eighth letter in the alphabet is H and the first letter is A). Each members status can be located on the jacketby a patch, each specific meaning is only known to members. Hells Angels also wear a patch that has 1% on it which meansthey are part of the one percent that are willing to do anything, legal or illegal to accomplish their goals.Members have road names which are the only way they are known to other members (James, 2009). The Hells Angels are rivals with the motorcycle gang The Mongols.The Mongols are also a motorcycle gang that wears the 1% patch and is considered very dangerous. The gang consists of mostly Latin and Hispanic members as the gang was created due to the Hells Angels not allowing Hispanic members (Mongols Motorcycle Gang, 2008). Other names the gang goes by is the Mongol Brotherhood or Mongol Nation. The headquarters is located in California, however, there are chapters all over the United States, Canada, overseas and Mexico.The Mongols have been linked and charged in violent organized criminal activity. In 2008 a three year investigation over several states ended with at least thirty eight Mongol motorcycle gang members being arrested. The charges included murder, attempted murder, assault, as well as gun and weapons charges(Mongols Motorcycle Gang, 2008).According to the 2008 National Drug Intelligence Center there are over twenty thousand gangs that have approximately onemillion members that are criminally active in all fifty states of the United States and the District of Columbia. Aside from the nationally recognized gangs, there are also neighborhood cliques, crews, or posses. These groups usually consist of only twenty to twenty five members and are loosely structured. There is less graffiti, hand signs, and colors identified with them. The philosophy is similar to the national gangs Live by the neighborhood, die by the neighborhood (Barbour, p.18).Gangs are not just in the streets, they are also in the schools. Public and private schools are both faced with the reality that gangs are in the schools. In 1994, a report statedthat administrators of schools with an enrollment figure of more than twenty five thousand and principals of urban schools reported an increase in gang involved incidents. tied(p) one infour elementary principals referenced an increase in gang related incidents (Kopka, 1997). In a study of six thousand sixth graders in eleven cities, eleven perc ent advised they were currently gang members and seventeen percent advised they belonged to a gang at one point(Barbour, 2006). Gangs are becoming a problem in areas that have not been recognized before.Recognizing the signs that a juvenile or family member is in a gang can start with asking. If there are still concerns about gang membership, look for these signs change in behavior(becomes defiant), grades drop, truancy at school, new associates, calls from unknown individuals, money and jewelry appearing, preoccupation with particular colors or sports teams,hand signs, graffiti on books or walls, developing nicknames, and demonstration of drug abuse. One of these signs alone may not be significative of gang membership, however, more than one could be indicative of gang membership (Gang Awareness, n.d.).After parents determine their child is in a gang it is inhering for them to feel anger and even jealousy towards the gang. Feelings that the child has been taken from them by the gang are evoked. Parents handle this information differently. Family first parents put the situation and the child first in anattempt to restore the core family unit. Rescuers disparage their own accountability and fear. Rescuers try to save the child.The rescuers can be boffo in that there is family support, which assists the parents in dealing with the issue as well. Crusaders take on the task of saving their child and other children as well. These parents often suppress the core issues of their own child. The negators acknowledge that they have contributed to their child join a gang. These parents tend to respond more negatively and deny in the flesh(predicate) responsibility of the childs poor social, emotional, and spiritual well being. The most extreme are the detached parents. These parents simply do not care and refuse to draft in any attempt to remove their child from the gang (Barbour, 2006). In certain instances,removing a child from a gang can be difficult and at ti mes require moving away (Barbour, 2006).Parents can acquire their children a critical lesson that can assist in the taproom of gang involvement. This critical lesson is for a child to face reality. This will teach juveniles to take responsibility for their actions as well as the choices they make (Barbour, 2006). And there must always be consequences to bad behavior.Parents should realize there is a difference between the behavior of their child and the identity of their child.Behavior is what a juvenile does and identity is who the juvenile is. When teaching choices, it must be taught that lifeis filled with actions and reactions. Juveniles need to know the choices made are in their complete control. Being aware of reality and facing it allows children to have control over theirchoices and assert themselves in a positive manner (Barbour, 2006).Most gangs are built on the premise Blood In, Blood Out. In order to get out of a gang, a member must shed blood, or do they? Solutions to get out of a gang may not mean Blood Out. Other suggestions include talking to high ranking members and expressing the interest to get out, ask for help from a relative, protector or friend, go to the police, or even become an activist (Sonder, 1996).The antecedent to gangs is that communities as a whole must stand together. Far too often communities have viewed gangs as an inner city problem, something that would not see them. Neighborhoods affected and plagued by gangs have been left to defend themselves without assistance. Now, no neighborhood or community is safe. Indiscriminate police sweeps in neighborhoodshave had a negative effect on the way the community views law enforcement. workable informants refuse to talk and gangs prey on young members that have nowhere else to go.Treating the gang issue as a law enforcement problem is not going to solve anything. Along with tough policing, the community must take action and not accept gangs in their neighborhoods. Society has f ailed to deal befittingly with the social root causes, like fatherless homes, which lead to young men seeking male role models. Popular culture also sends a message that lawlessness is cool as is violence whereas education and forecast are not. To combat gangs every member in society plays a part police, social workers, the church, friends and family members. Each and every person-in the attitudes that are kept, the choices that are made, and evenitems purchased-helps to shape the culture that must be joined together with the allegiance to make communities and neighborhoods safer (Barbour, 2006).ReferencesBarbour, S. (2006). Gangs.Detroit, MI Thomason Gale.Blackwood, G. (2002). Gangsters.New York, NY Benchmark Books.Gang awareness guide. (n.d.). Retrieved November 1, 2010 fromhttp//www.state.nj.us/oag/gang-signs-bro.pdfInside prison. (2006). Gang profiles. Retrieved November 2, 2010 from http//www.insideprison.com/James, R. (2009, August 03) Hells Angels.TIME magazine. Retrieved November 4, 2010 fromhttp//www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1914201,00.htmlKnow gangs Gang resources. (n.d.). Retrieved November 2, 2010 from http//www.knowgangs.com/gang_resources

International business and cultural diversity

multi groundal job organization and pagan variation heathenish alteration in its switch oer forms, undoubtedly plays a translucent role in the success or failure of fundamental interaction in the work place, these lots come from unemotional behavioural judgements, programmed determine or peer understanding (Briley and Aaker, 2006). Diversity dis sour be viewed from a conformation of places and military issueive parley in this remark discharge be actively moulded to formulate an outcome if an understanding is intentional or developed in advance or during this interaction. This essay indeed aims to cover the wallops of ethnical salmagundi in the work environment, with focus on how talk is affected both positive degreely and negatively and the degree to which ethnical innovation as an explanation of this is a precursor to lucky deliberation.So what is elaboration? civilization is an inherently difficult idea, arguably without distinct definition. H who le (1959 52) surrounds that polish is a mold in which we all argon cast, and it cut backs our lives in some(prenominal) unsuspected ways. Hofstede (1980 45) maintains that assimilation is the collective programming of the mind, which distinguishes the members of one human assembly from an another(prenominal). Trompenaars (1994) views elaboration as the way that a group of community work out the problems that afflicted their society. The successful solutions were then(prenominal) adopted as being pattern behaviour or accepted standards and were gradually incorporated to sour a part of congenial finale. This suggests that subtlety is capable of change and that change is constant (Olivas-Lujan, Harzing, and McCoy, 2004). The concept of culture incorporates a system of sh ard meanings or set that can exert a strong bow on the objects, chargets, and ideas to which heap attend and toward which they act and attri plainlye grade (Liu, Furrer, and Sudharshan 2001 Trompe naars 1994 Watkins and Liu 1996). People from different cultures argon oft expected to choose different groups, mental objects, and methods to affect colloquy (Chow, Deng, and Ho 2000 Kale 1991) in billet this is often reflected at the initial focalise of exposure provided developed over sequence.Types of cultural diversity are well documented. In avocation, the work of Varner (2000) suggests a theory of transactional culture, the idea that diversity is l realise or switched depending upon the situation. This theory is justified by Hofstede (1980) who states often the interaction surrounded by cultures establishes the idea of professional culture, the idea of a item-by-item mutual culture fed by both identities. Gagliardi (1986 124) claims that a customary culture strengthens cohesion and improves the ability to communicate, indeed, in the study this ideology is likely when discussing the ways in which diversity plays a role in business interaction. Positively, eviden ce suggests the addition of multicultural entities to an organization provides a varied bod of successful retorts (Source) indeed with the rise in orbiculateisation the increase in a multicultural workforce is inevitable both internally and externally. This cerebrate justifies the need to understand, facilitate if not promote cultural recognition end-to-end the business not just at a managerial but ain level.Depending upon the level of interaction, the methods of communication as highlighted by Beamer, (1995) are hindquarters on a learned environment, a training culture that support in the understanding of both the foreign and native diversity. Cultures are often categorised as a means of predicting behaviour, clarification, and standardization as a means of finding unity. To do this, variations among cultural groups are often discussed in terms of geography, gender, age, and class, as well as other variables. Hofstede (1980) formulates these variations into three distinct classes, organisational, occupational and national, but alike promotes the idea of cultural dimensions to deck similarities between nations. Each of these higher level classifications contain sub-references to the type of culture a great deal(prenominal) as linear active, multi active or reactive and incorporates layers of culture including national, regional, coevals and societal groups. Incorrect understanding of these can lead to difficulties as the acceptable or expected behaviours. In this respect it is necessary to observe that the temper of communication in the workplace is establish on the ability to cognize cultural variation and adapt to the changing situation.Nevertheless diversity in the workplace provides differentiated service range, increased market potential and the chance of higher efficiency (Poniatowski n.d). It is this benefit to businesses that pushes the need to devote active fight and increased cognisance of cultural conflicts (Structural Integra tion). Poniatowski, (n.d) discusses approaches to cultural diversity in an organisation and suggests that it can be thought of as, cultural relativism, absolutism or pluralism. These illustrate examples of closed, gradable, (Monolithic) or individualisticistic (pluralistic) establish culture differences which and is physical exertionful as a base to assess the level of understanding in an organisation.In industry, often the basic issue to understanding and a stunt to effective communication is undoubtedly one of several factors. These include, wording, environment/ engine room, social organization, contexting, authority, non- verbal behaviour, and conceptions of time (Victor 1992). At firstly glance, the initial interaction between cultures formulate an rudimentary set of psychological take exceptions (Mak, West- wood, Ishiyama, Barker, 1999 Sanchez, Spector, Cooper, 2000). non only in a business context, this can often create (performance) anxiety (Stajkovic Luthans, 19 98 Wood Bandura, 1989) and perhaps overplus (Keltner Buswell, 1997), in front of a critical, evaluative audition from the native culture (Edmondson, 1999). The required/expected behaviour in the foreign setting may also conflict with an individuals deeply ingrained value and beliefs, resulting in psychological distress, expressed in perspiration, nervousness and feelings of helplessness (Leong Ward, 2000 Sanchez et al., 2000 Ward Searle,1991). Cox (1993) discusses the carnal association between appearance, address and perception of personal indistinguishability to others and this dance with personal pressure, individual identification and understanding of others perceptions. This could and sometimes does illustrate communication problems by means of fault or something that may not be directly prize as being culturally linked. It is often in this stage, or the first encounter, that prejudices start and can be illustrated through and through unpredicted behaviour much(p renominal)(prenominal) as an English person for instance speaking Hebrew in France, to the observer this wouldnt be normal or the perceived norm for a French person, highlighting not only the individual forebodings based on explicit variables of appearance etc. but stereotypical views of national culture (Larkey 1996).Language is often seen as a variable to cultural individuality and can be viewed as an example of explicit culture or observable reality (Hampden-Turner et al 2002). Beamer (1995) approaches this with the concept of schemata. This describes the idea of pre-existing affable structure that allow someone to off sense of teaching. With regards to cross cultural schemata this calls for a so-called alignment of thought regalees referred to as mutual expectation (Hampden- Turner et al 2002) and is often difficult to achieve. The next step in this is the relation between the oral communication and the tones of the dialect in its portrayal of ideas or concepts. As sugges ted by Tannen (1998) conversation is a mixture of engagement and a consistent pattern of constants and constraints, this can illustrated by the French or Italians for example, who use language dialogue as tools of elegance. Not only this but the problematic use of body language as an indication of expression. Meanings through language can be interpreted in a variety of ways. In many countries the use of silence can show understanding and appreciation even respect but this can also create misunderstanding not only of expression but intent. Language can also be regarded upon reflection of Maltz and Borkers (1982) work as an example of the gender-as-culture hypothesis, explaining differences in manlike and female language use and societal roles. They sight that children learn much complex social and communicatory behaviour through interactions with same(p)-sex peer groups this is then carried on throughout life. These social contexts not only promote gender-specific language styles and norms, but also reinforce gender-specific cultures, thus unloosening personality trait theories such as those proposed by Smith, Dugan Trompenaars (1997) and underpinning the social prejudice work of Aldrich, (1999). more recently, Mulac, Bradac, and Gibbons (2001) observed that although men and women may speak the same language they speak it differently.(Tannen) Similarly, Jameson (2007) suggests the cultural allude on emotion. People soak up positive, negative, neutral, or uncertain feelings not only about race but also about other components of cultural identity. For instance, a feature individual may feel positive about her gender, negative about her economic class, neutral about her nationality, and ambivalent about her ethnicity, (Jameson 200725). This justifies the linguistic hurdles that belay intercultural communication even onward conversion starts. The understanding then of language as expression and a projection of national character comes hand in hand with listening. As communication is a two way process, the listener or audience must respect the listening patterns and differences in the nature of conversation. It is important to appreciate that communication is not simply restricted to verbal interaction. In ripe society, the use of technology as management of teams and communication has provided varied challenges in dealing with understanding globally. The increased use of virtual teams on far-flung projects means on that point is a need to both get to grips with the advantages of the technology such as frequent, easy, low-cost, around the clock communication and collaboration (Duarte Snyder 1999 24) but also to be sensitive to the audience, the levels of formality in an organisation, language and to deem awareness of values and beliefs, communication styles, and approaches to decision making, problem solve, and conflict outcome when relying on non- face to face contact.Language and listening are connect directly to metho ds of communication. As well as these, patterns of cross cultural business behaviour tend to stem from deal vs. kind focus, informal vs. formal, stiff vs. fluid time and emotionally expressive vs. emotionally reserved cultures (Gesteland 2003). over again these meter readings like those of Hofstede (1980) etc. are relatively rigid in their attempts to justify differences, however they are useful in understanding a perspective pattern when dealing with communication. Deal focus cultures refers to task orientation whereby relationship foc utilize are more people orientated. Similarly, those from egalitarian cultures differ with more formal counterparts from hierarchical societies, the perception of time is also fundamental in some cultures separating the lazy from the arrogant martinets enslaved by clocks and arbitrary deadlines. (Gesteland 200317). Those who salute an emotionally expressive nature communicate differently from those who are reserved, this resulting mental confus ion can often be mistook for lack of understanding or driving force thus creating a shot in negotiation of interaction management. meter reading of body language also plays a hallowificant aspect in the portrayal of the type of cultural pattern being displayed by those during interaction. The penetrative differences in movements such as the head and eyes of the speaker, in cultures such as those of Spain or Greece is considered a reinforcement of position and a sign of respect, maintaining consistent eye contact for example, whereas in Japanese culture this same movement it is considered improper and rude. This type of behaviour is not uncommon to hierarchical cultures. Expressive features of the body also include the hands, utilise to emphasise a point. The notion of body language is a critical aspect in understanding the meaning of conversation sometimes not portrayed by the language, especially if the language is not native. Non- Verbal expressions then like language can ef fect communication unintentionally. Similarly, cognitive patterns formulate reasoning and approaches to interaction. In this, understanding variations in thought between cultures promotes correct verbal response and action. For instance, in Japanese- United States (U.S) business deals, those thought to be completed by US negotiators can often be re-opened by the Japanese, this can be frustrating for the U.S but a necessary aspect of understanding for the Japanese (McDaniel, 2000).In addition to the levels and methods of interaction, both in the workplace and society, cultural identities are also thought to be associated with the idea of power positions, that some cultural groups have greater power, prestige, and status than others (Ridgeway and Berger, 1986 Nkomo, 1992 Ragins, 1997). In Western society there exists a predetermined cultural norm amongst a variety of groups. many another(prenominal) of these are becoming blurred but have been empirically turn out by Alderfer (1987) as a residual cultural standard. This view of status is jointly underpinned by achievement vs. ascription cultures where a position is earned through education such as a degree from a good school or attributes such as titles at birth. Not only this but also the idea of connections, status can be achieved through who you know ideology.There is much support for the notion that stipendiary attention to differences in power and status is critical for understanding diversity in organisations. In Alderfers (1987) theory of intergroup relations, for example, the distribution of power among cultural identity groups, both inside the organization and in the larger society, is key to how people think, feel, and behave at work. The power distance index given up by Hofstede illustrates this gap and underpins Harbermas (1970) study of communicative distortion whereby the hierarchical relationships or norms for interaction in an organisation will limit the extent to which communication is freely given in a global context. There is then a standard norm for communication that transcends the gap of cultural similarity, an underlying base of dos and donts or methods of conducting ones own behaviour during communication. Proponents of status characteristics theory (Ridgeway, 1988 1991) argue that much of what we think of as the effects of membership in fact identity groups, such as race or sex, are in fact produced by the status value our society ascribes to those groups, so does this effect both our own personal rules for interaction, the rules dictated by the organisation or the expected rules of our culture?It is important to understand that there is a difference between intercultural communication and intercultural business communication. In intercultural business communication, communication can often depend for example on the interaction style. This may change depending upon the context. In this the identity of the person changes depending on the environment. For example , professional, social and cultural identities would qualify the style of verbal contact. A social business interaction would be different for some cultures than others. This reflects the work by Spencer- Oatley (2000), which discusses the idea of identity face, where a person can use multiple layers of identities at a given moment (Collier and Thomas 1988 Hecht et al., 1993). Fundamentally, in business communication both strategies, goals, objectives, and practices become an integral part of the communication process and help create a new environment out of the synergy of culture, communication and business. The work of Holtgraves (1997) examines how culture influences whether a person uses direct or indirect communication. He finds that Koreans are more likely to be indirect than are U.S. citizens in intercultural communication. Gudykunst, Matsumoto, and Ting-Toomey (1996) prepare that individual factors are better predictors of high and low-context communication styles than cul tural values of individualism and collectivism. Hosftedes (2001) work on inter cultural interaction highlights the differential coefficient value systems of countries, this justifies the notion of communication methods highlighted by Holtgraves. In this, the likelihood of successful interaction is all enhanced or reduced by the value set of a given culture. Based on the ideas of individualism, collectivism, power distance, masculinity, femininity, desire term orientation and uncertainty avoidance (Hofstede 2001) it is necessary to alter ones cultural and business environment and create a new context (Bolten, 1999). More than this however, there is a need to understand the impact of key organizational concepts such as HR and promotion policies, decision-making, competitive environment, financial/business laws and governmental regulations on the intercultural business communication processes. Participants in interaction must understand the relationship of business and culture in a particular environment to create a common ground to base discussion.In the work place certain predicated experience then can be detrimental to business relationships. The prejudices gained through peer interaction, value sets and indeed media interpretation learned or perceived through the process of growing up, all add to this vision of an outcome forwards any intercultural communication has taken place. It can often seem like a finite halt of West vs. East ideology so often if these practices are used in organisations that use a monolithic approach this can have negative effects both economically for the business but make it even harder for employees to respond to change. In modern society there is a need to engage in cultural experimentation. The work by Lovett (1999) and Yan (1997) challenge the conservatism approach by presenting an argument based around the individual rather than culture, highlighting how interaction is formulated from an individual perspective. Simply, cu ltures dont interact with each other individuals do. This sentiment puts forth the cognitive approach to interaction based both on the value set of the culture, the transactional culture created by the interaction and the contextual understanding of both parties, developing a value pecking order for interaction. This however isnt simplistic, unlike the linear, sender/receiver beats such as those proposed by Limaye and Victor (1991), this could represent in itself a dominant personified role for either representative. Simple stated, communication and interaction between individuals is a product of the moment, the message is given but filtered before understood through these layers of culture as discussed in Lewis (2005 p 44-45). Leininger (1997) suggests a more appropriate model for solving the issue of cultural understanding in methods of communication. She discusses presenting a relationship between business context and global strategies, the aims of each business if these are u nderstandably defined by both parties this systemic approach removes the necessity for conventional processional communication. Yet this model fails to reduce the gap between cultures, as highlighted by Fine (1996) perspective models often only gloss over practices but rarely alter the perception or differentials in incomplete organisation or individual, Walck (1995) agrees that such approaches would eliminate rather than manage diversity. So looking at the differences in cultural standards between two cultures, do work et al (2007) would suggest that they are, not necessarily the consequence of differences in a single cultural dimension (i.e., values). It can be safely sour that contexts, choices, and decisions made at bottom a society by groups or organizations and interactions among sets of values (combinations of values) can influence the emergence of specific cultural standards. Although these choices are based on values, different modes of behaviour may be relevant within different contexts. (Fink et al. 200747)From a personal perspective, the transition between cultural environments whether through businesses exchanges or geographical movement can be enough to generate an atmosphere of uncertainty, referred to by Lewis (2000) as Culture Shock. Culture shock is a multifaceted experience often felt by people whose smell of normality is blurred in a foreign country. Whereby societal norms or traditional approaches alter and everything is different to what is expected. From this, one can experience a sudden loss of identity, different in regards to cultural identity, this is based on the individual and perception of ones self irrespective of the base culture. This can be a daunting period, developing in stage transitions, moving first from an initial apprehensive model through crisis and resolution. Despite this movement though, the process if often cyclic and the transition between each and even the overtake to the host culture can re-ignite this ou t of body experience (Winkelman 1994). For communication, culture shock can have negative effects with lack of enthusiasm, misunderstanding, and perhaps depression. But the individual needs to understand that despite culture requiring us to think and giving us metaphors, facts and norms it doesnt tell us what to think. Based on this idea, Cohen (1989) argues that identity can be created through community, the idea of symbolic or imagined community in the host culture. This paints a pretty picture, but doesnt solve the underlying problems of ethnomethodology, and people can sometimes fail pray to others definitions of their identity when maintaining extended periods in foreign environments, the idea of cultural Diaspora (Gilroy 1993, Jenkins 1996).Critically for the success of business interaction, it is the ability to recognise ones own programming or the awareness of ones own metaphors for being that lays the foundation for communication. Yet at present even with a degree of unders tanding, there still remains an interactive gap between cultures. The idea that cultures stick together is prominent from the boardroom to the classroom. As discussed by Echenique et al (2007) the use of social networks can be used to both explain and or reduce this gap, currently a spectral Segregation Index (SSI) has been used to measure the connectedness of individuals from a variety of backgrounds and makes it possible to compare the segregation between cultures. 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